Causal question answering is a task of answering causality related questions. The questions are referred to as binary causal questions when the questions e.g., "Could X cause Y?" can be answered by yes/no answers. Answer to the previous question is yes if X is a cause of Y , and otherwise no. The binary causal question answering systems can be used to validate causal relationships, which can be particularly useful for decision making. For example, it could be useful for the tourism authorities to know the answer to the question "Could growing social tension cause reduction in tourism?". We aim to automatically answer such binary causal questions by developing a machine learning model. However, training a machine learning model to detect causal relationships is challenging due to the lack of large and high quality labeled datasets. In this paper, we propose a transfer learning-based approach which fine-tunes pretrained transformer based language models on a small dataset of cause-effect pairs to detect causality and answer binary causal questions. The proposed approach achieves performance comparable to a number of benchmark approaches on five benchmark test datasets extracted by human experts conditioned on the same small training dataset.

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The Open Source Software Development (OSSD) is a movement, challenges many traditional and commercial theories of software development. A group of developers, programmers, and other community members develop the Open Source Software (OSS) in a collaborative manner. Community and contributors provide great support to make the source code of the software easily understandable and modifiable. However, there are insignificant such standard model or methodologies for OSSD has yet been established. Currently, researchers are proposing methodologies in this area. This paper proposes a new model, OScrum by modifying the scrum to make it applicable for OSSD. The proposed model has been constructed after analyzing the key metrics, pillars, and values of Scrum and OSSD. The model has been evaluated through comparing implementation process and working procedure of OSSD. The result shows that the implementation process of OSCRUM has a very close relationship with the process of OSSD and therefore, it fits well in such software development.

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