Nanopore technology
holds great promise for a wide range of applications
such as biomedical sensing, chemical detection, desalination, and
energy conversion. For sensing performed in electrolytes in particular,
abundant information about the translocating analytes is hidden in
the fluctuating monitoring ionic current contributed from interactions
between the analytes and the nanopore. Such ionic currents are inevitably
affected by noise; hence, signal processing is an inseparable component
of sensing in order to identify the hidden features in the signals
and to analyze them. This Guide starts from untangling the signal
processing flow and categorizing the various algorithms developed
to extracting the useful information. By sorting the algorithms under
Machine Learning (ML)-based versus non-ML-based, their underlying
architectures and properties are systematically evaluated. For each
category, the development tactics and features of the algorithms with
implementation examples are discussed by referring to their common
signal processing flow graphically summarized in a chart and by highlighting
their key issues tabulated for clear comparison. How to get started
with building up an ML-based algorithm is subsequently presented.
The specific properties of the ML-based algorithms are then discussed
in terms of learning strategy, performance evaluation, experimental
repeatability and reliability, data preparation, and data utilization
strategy. This Guide is concluded by outlining strategies and considerations
for prospect algorithms.
Congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is the most common infectious cause of sensorineural hearing loss in children. While the importance of CMV-induced SNHL has been described, the mechanisms underlying its pathogenesis and the role of inflammatory responses remain elusive. The present study established an experimental model of hearing loss after systemic infection with murine CMV (MCMV) in newborn mice. Auditory brainstem responses were tested to evaluate hearing at 3 weeks, expression of inflammasome-associated factors was assessed by immunofluorescence, western blot analysis, reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and ELISA. MCMV sequentially induced inflammasome-associated factors. Furthermore, the inflammasome-associated factors were also increased in cultured spiral ganglion neurons infected with MCMV for 24 h. In addition, MCMV increased the content of reactive oxygen species (ROS). These results suggest that hearing loss caused by MCMV infection may be associated with ROS-induced inflammation.
Temporal changes
in electrical resistance of a nanopore sensor
caused by translocating target analytes are recorded as a sequence
of pulses on current traces. Prevalent algorithms for feature extraction
in pulse-like signals lack objectivity because empirical amplitude
thresholds are user-defined to single out the pulses from the noisy
background. Here, we use deep learning for feature extraction based
on a bi-path network (B-Net). After training, the B-Net acquires the
prototypical pulses and the ability of both pulse recognition and
feature extraction without a priori assigned parameters.
The B-Net is evaluated on simulated data sets and further applied
to experimental data of DNA and protein translocation. The B-Net results
are characterized by small relative errors and stable trends. The
B-Net is further shown capable of processing data with a signal-to-noise
ratio equal to 1, an impossibility for threshold-based algorithms.
The B-Net presents a generic architecture applicable to pulse-like
signals beyond nanopore currents.
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