Figure 1. Schematic illustration of the preparation of a-CoW-LDH-PEG nanosheets and their application in SDT.

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has become a promising cancer treatment approach with superior advantages. However, it remains a grand challenge to develop tumor microenvironment (TME)‐responsive photosensitizers (PSs) for tumor‐targeting precise PDT. Herein, the coupling Lactobacillus acidophilus (LA) probiotics with 2D CoCuMo layered‐double‐hydroxide (LDH) nanosheets (LA&LDH) is reported as a TME‐responsive platform for precise NIR‐II PDT. The CoCuMo‐LDH nanosheets loaded on LA can be transformed from crystalline into amorphous through etching by the LA‐metabolite‐enabled low pH and overexpressed glutathione. The TME‐induced in situ amorphization of CoCuMo‐LDH nanosheets can boost its photodynamic activity for singlet oxygen (1O2) generation under 1270 nm laser irradiation with relative 1O2 quantum yield of 1.06, which is the highest among previously reported NIR‐excited PSs. In vitro and in vivo assays prove that the LA&LDH can effectively achieve complete cell apoptosis and tumor eradication under 1270 nm laser irradiation. This study proves that the probiotics can be used as a tumor‐targeting platform for highly efficient precise NIR‐II PDT.

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Two-dimensional (2D) metal-organic framework (MOF) nanosheets have been widely explored as diagnostic and therapeutic reagents for cancer therapy, including photodynamic therapy, chemodynamic therapy, radiation therapy, and catalytic therapy, in recent...

Organic intercalation of layered nanomaterials is an attractive strategy to fabricate organic/inorganic superlattices for a wide range of promising applications. However, the synthesis of 2D organic/inorganic superlattice nanosheets remains a big challenge. Herein, the preparation of 2D polyaniline/MoO3−x (PANI/MoO3−x) superlattice nanosheets via intercalation‐induced morphological transformation from MoO3 nanobelts, as efficient Fenton‐like reagents for chemodynamic therapy (CDT), is reported. Micrometer‐long MoO3 nanobelts are co‐intercalated with Na+/H2O followed by the guest exchange with aniline monomer for in situ polymerization to obtain PANI/MoO3−x nanosheets. Intriguingly, the PANI intercalation can induce the morphological transformation from long MoO3 nanobelts to 2D PANI/MoO3−x nanosheets along with the partial reduction of Mo6+ to Mo5+, and generation of rich oxygen vacancies. More importantly, thanks to the PANI intercalation‐induced activation, the PANI/MoO3−x nanosheets exhibit excellent Fenton‐like catalytic activity for generation of hydroxyl radical (·OH) by decomposing H2O2 compared with the MoO3 nanobelts. It is speculated that the good conductivity of PANI can facilitate electron transport during the Fenton‐like reaction, thereby enhancing the efficiency of CDT. Thus, the polyvinylpyrrolidone‐modified PANI/MoO3−x nanosheets can function as Fenton‐like reagents for highly efficient CDT to kill cancer cells and eradicate tumors.