Mycobacterium bovis is the main causal agent of bovine tuberculosis that causes zoonotic tuberculosis in humans. The most common routes of transmission of the agent to human are airborne transmission, consumption of unpasteurized milk, direct contact with infected animals or untreated animal products. Conventional diagnostic methods in combination with modern molecular and immunological techniques should be used for early and accurate diagnosis of the disease. Some of the challenges to tackle and eradicate zoonotic TB in developing countries are having many hosts, absence of early diagnosis, presence of other acute diseases, being economically unable to implement control strategies, and other social and cultural issues. Usually treatment is not recommended in animals but vaccination is carried out in some countries as a preventive measure. Due to the grave consequences of M. bovis infection on animal and human health, it is necessary to introduce accurate control measures to reduce the risk of disease in human and animal populations. Proper food hygiene practices, slaughter of the affected animals in developed countries, and segregation of the suspected animals in developing countries along with stronger intersectoral collaboration between the veterinary and medical professions are important for the control of the disease.

A zoonotic disease Leptospirosis is caused by pathogen of the genus Leptospira and it is an emerging global public health problem. In the present study a total of 266 cattle blood and sera samples were collected from the towns and villages of Nagpur, Wardha, Bhandara Gadchiroli and Durg districts during December 2017 to 2018 and tested for the presence of Leptospira. These samples were from randomly selected herds with history of repeated breeding, abortion, reproductive disorders, etc. also including some apparently healthy animals. The presence of leptospiral DNA in blood sample was assayed by PCR amplification of rrs (16S rRNA) gene. Antibodies against Leptospira serovars were tested using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and microscopic agglutination test (MAT). Out of 266 blood samples, in 33 samples leptospires DNA was identified with the frequency of 12.40%. A total of 53 cattle sera were positive in commercial Leptospira Bovine Hardjo ELISA kit indicated 19.92% seroprevalence. In the MAT analysis 120 samples revealed presence of different serovars with the seropositivity 45.11%. The study supports the probable role of cattle in maintaining Leptospira Hardjo along with some other serovars and warrants an intensive control and surveillance programme for reducing leptospirosis in cattle.