Plantar fasciopathy is a common cause of heel pain. This article covers the imaging anatomy of the hindfoot, the imaging findings on ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of plantar fasciopathy, plantar fibromas, trauma, Achilles tendonopathy, neural compression, stress fractures of the os calcis and other heel pad lesions. Thickening of the plantar fascia insertion more than 5 mm either on ultrasound or MRI is suggestive of plantar fasciopathy. Ultrasound is superior to MRI for diagnosis of plantar fibroma as small low signal lesions on MRI are similar to the normal plantar fascia signal. Ultrasound demonstrates low echogenicity compared with the echogenic plantar fascia. Penetrating injuries can appear bizarre due to associated foreign body impaction and infection. Achilles tendonopathy can cause heel pain and should be considered as a possible diagnosis. Treatment options include physical therapy, ECSWT, corticosteroid injection, and dry needling. Percutaneous US guided treatment methods will be described.

BACKGROUND Breast cancer is increasing in developing countries and the management options are wide; therefore, providing the surgeon with accurate prognostic information on which mode of therapy will be chosen becomes important. Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is a routinely used initial investigation of choice for rapid diagnosis of breast cancer. Apart from diagnosis of cancer, it also has the ability to predict the grade on smears which will add its diagnostic value without any additional morbidity or expense for the patients. Among various cytological grading systems, Robinson grading is most commonly used for breast carcinoma in fine needle aspirates. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the correlation between Robinson’s cytological grading and Bloom Richardson’s histological grading. METHODS This is a 3 - year retrospective analytical study. 40 cases of infiltrating duct carcinoma (IDC) of breast diagnosed on cytology were included in the study. Cytological grading was done using Robinson’s grading and corresponding histopathology slides were taken, and histological grading using Bloom Richardson’s system was done. Finally, correlation between cytological and histological grading was done using statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) software. RESULTS Age of the patients varied between 32 and 70 yrs. Cytologically, 32.5 % cases were grade I, 40 % were grade II and 27.5 % cases were grade III respectively. Histologically 22.5 %, 47.5 % and 30 % cases were grade I, grade II, and grade III, respectively. Concordance rate between grade I tumours in cytology and histology was 53.84 %, for grade II tumours it was 75 %, and for grade III tumours it was 63.63 %. The absolute concordance rate was 65 %. CONCLUSIONS Robinson’s cytological grading (RCG) of breast carcinoma correlates well with Bloom - Richardson’s histological grading system and could be a helpful parameter in selecting a neoadjuvant treatment for the breast cancer patients on fine needle aspiration cytology alone. KEYWORDS Breast Carcinoma, Robinson’s Cytological Grading, Bloom Richardson’s Histological Grading

Metastatic malignancy is a more common etiology of peripheral lymphadenopathy, especially when it occurs after the age of 40 years. Lymph nodes enlarged by metastatic tumour deposits usually show diffuse involvement, therefore fine needle aspiration from an involved node will almost invariably result in diagnostic cells. Aims and Objectives: 1. To study cytological spectrum of various metastatic deposits in lymph nodes. 2. To assess age, gender and site commonly involved in lymphnode metastatic deposits. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted from January 2008 to May 2012. Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) of lymph nodes with metastatic deposits performed in Pathology department, SDM College of Medical Sciences and Hospital, Dharwad were included in the study. Results: Total of 148 cases were included in the study. The most common metastatic deposit was squamous cell carcinoma seen in 60.81% of cases, followed by adenocarcinoma deposits in 19.59% of cases. Commonly involved lymph node was cervical lymph node seen in 74.32% of cases. Age group of patients ranged from 22yrs-86yrs with male:female ratio being 3.77:1. Conclusion: FNAC is an effective diagnostic modality, useful in early diagnoses of metastatic lymphadenopathy. It is a simple OPD procedure useful in screening as well as follow-up of metastatic lymphnode enlargement.

Introduction: Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) has become popular as a valuable tool in preoperative assessment of breast masses, helping the clinician to plan appropriate management. It is a rapid, simple, cost-effective procedure with minimal complications. Aims and Objectives: 1) To assess distribution pattern of non-malignant breast lesions. 2) To evaluate diagnostic accuracy of FNAC with cytohistological correlation. Materials and Method: Cross-sectional descriptive study with the use of secondary data was done for 2 years, including all the non-neoplastic and benign neoplastic cases where FNAC on breast lumps was performed in the department of Pathology, SDM College of Medical Sciences, Dharwad, Karnataka, India. Cases where the aspirate were acellular or hemorrhagic and malignant breast neoplasms were excluded from the study. FNAC slides were collected from the departmental archive and were reviewed. Results: Of the total 339 cases, 11 (5.60%) were males and 328 (94.39%) were females. Age group ranged from 10 to 70 years. Fibroadenoma was the most common lesion (72.27%). 98 cases were followed up with biopsy, out of which 95 cases were concordant and 3 were discordant. Diagnostic accuracy of FNAC was found to be 96.93%. Conclusion: The most common benign breast lesion was found to be fibroadenoma. Discordance rate of FNAC was 3.06%. Hence, FNAC is a valuable tool in the evaluation of non-malignant breast lesions.

Breast carcinoma is the common malignant tumor in women accounting for 15% of cancer related deaths. Clinical history, examination and use of mammography has improved the diagnostic approach to breast cancer. Nottingham prognostication index is considered to be a useful marker that takes into consideration some of the important factors like tumor size, histologic grade and lymphnode stage. Aims and Objectives: 1. To study histomorphological distribution pattern of various invasive breast carcinoma. 2. To estimate prognosis by using Nottingham prognostic index score. Materials and Methods: One year six months descriptive study was performed which included all the invasive breast carcinoma cases comprising of mastectomy specimen with lymphnode sampling. Based on tumor size, histologic grade and lymphnode stage; Nottingham prognostic index score was calculated and cases were categorised into different prognostic group. Results: 68 cases were included in the study with 67 female patients and one male patient. Histopathologically, 80.88% were Infiltrating ductal carcinoma -not otherwise specified. Tumor size belonging to T2 in 66.17%. 45.58% showed no lymphnode involvement and 33.82% belonged to lymphnode stage N1. Majority (50%) belonged to histologic grade II. Nottingham Prognostic Index (NPI) score in 42.64% showed moderate prognosis. Conclusion: Histomorphological study showed commonest lesion to be Infiltrating Ductal carcinomanot otherwise specified and majority belonged to moderate prognosis category according to Nottingham Prognostic Index score.