Diabetes is a health disorder that necessitates constant blood glucose monitoring. The industry is always interested in creating novel glucose sensor devices because of the great demand for low-cost, quick, and precise means of monitoring blood glucose levels. Electrochemical glucose sensors, among others, have been developed and are now frequently used in clinical research. Nonetheless, despite the substantial obstacles, these electrochemical glucose sensors face numerous challenges. Because of their excellent stability, vast surface area, and low cost, various types of 2D materials have been employed to produce enzymatic and nonenzymatic glucose sensing applications. This review article looks at both enzymatic and nonenzymatic glucose sensors made from 2D materials. On the other hand, we concentrated on discussing the complexities of many significant papers addressing the construction of sensors and the usage of prepared sensors so that readers might grasp the concepts underlying such devices and related detection strategies. We also discuss several tuning approaches for improving electrochemical glucose sensor performance, as well as current breakthroughs and future plans in wearable and flexible electrochemical glucose sensors based on 2D materials as well as photoelectrochemical sensors.

The alarming situation of the growing number of diabetic patients has called for a simple, sensitive, and selective glucose sensor that is also stable and user-friendly. In this report, we have reviewed the latest electrochemical sensing technology based on transition metal phosphides (TMPs) for glucose detection. Apart from the oxides, sulfides, nitrides, chalcogenides, etc., transition metal phosphides are less explored and have emerged as potential candidates for non-enzymatic glucose sensing applications. This review will help scientists and researchers to exploit relevant properties for glucose sensing applications, identify the best synthesis approaches to prepare transition metal phosphides, and provide information on the factors influencing glucose sensing and parameters to improve the performance and theoretical insights into the mechanism involved. Therefore, this review emphasizes a few methods adopted for tuning the properties of TMPs to achieve a stable glucose-sensing device. Finally, we propose our perspectives on potential directions for TMP-based material development in enzymeless electrochemical glucose sensing applications.

Urea as an energy generation and storage fuel has attracted increased attention for its stability, non-toxicity, and availability. Urea possesses 10.1 wt.% of hydrogen. Nevertheless, its electrochemical oxidation is generally sluggish and inefficient. Nibased catalysts which showed efficient activity towards urea electrooxidation in the alkaline medium were studied for Direct Urea Fuel Cell (DUFC) anodes. In the present study, we investigated urea oxidation on a novel three-dimensional mixed oxide catalyst, NiCo 2 O 4 . Mn-doped NiCo 2 O 4 catalyst exhibited urea oxidation activity of 45.88 mA cm À 2 (at 1.30 V vs SHE), fifteen times higher than NiO and Co 3 O 4 and twice that of bare NiCo 2 O 4 spinel. Chronoamperometry curves of the Mn-doped NiCo 2 O 4 catalyst demonstrated stable urea oxidation for over 3 hours. The significantly higher mass activity of Mn-doped NiCo 2 O 4 catalyst is attributed to the least nano-crystallite size, better dispersion of Ni nuclei onto the spinel crystal matrix, enhanced Ni electrochemical active surface area, and lower bandgap.