Background: Marathon running is becoming more popular among middle-aged people who have no prior running experience. Improper or incomplete knowledge increases the risk of injuries in amateur runners. Individuals with spinal instability experience alteration in balance control while walking as well as running which in turn results in asymmetrical bodyweight distribution throughout the lower extremity. This changes the pattern of running leading to injuries of hips, knees, and ankle. Methods: The objective of the study was to correlate spinal instability with ankle injuries in amateur marathon runners. In this study, both male and female amateur marathon runners between the age group of 20 and 45 years with normal body mass index (BMI) were chosen and individuals with the previous surgery as well as degenerative diseases of spine and ankle fractures were ruled out. Spinal instability tests were carried out on amateur marathon runners with symptoms of instability. Subjects were asked questions related to ankle injuries. Outcome measures used were Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) and tests for spinal instability. Results: About 57% of participants were tested positive for the passive lumbar extension test and 42% of participants were tested positive for the prone instability test. There was the presence of ankle pain (68%), ankle swelling (24%), heel pain (60%), blisters (42%), ankle sprain (28%), and strain (26%) in selected participants. There were 68% runners with minimal disability and 32% runners with moderate disability. Conclusion: Amateur marathon runners with spinal instability had the presence of ankle injuries like ankle pain, ankle swelling, heel pain, blisters, ankle sprain, and strain. Based on the test performed and interpretation of the ODI and after correlating spinal instability with ankle injuries, we concluded that spinal instability increases the risk of ankle injuries in amateur marathon runners.

Background: During pregnancy, there are various physiological, biomechanical, postural, and emotional changes taking place. The changes in posture which occurs during pregnancy are even maintained in postpartum period if they remain uncorrected. Due to the enlargement of breasts, size of the uterus, and mother’s weight, there is increase in lumbar and cervical lordosis and there is compensatory thoracic kyphosis, the shoulder and upper back become rounded. There is scapular protraction and internal rotation of the upper extremity; these adaptations of posture may also persist in the postpartum period due to infant care demands. Pectoralis muscles tightness and weakness of the scapular stabilizers may be pre-existing to or may occur due to pregnancy postural changes. Hence, there is a need of evaluating the upper quadrant musculoskeletal involvement during the postpartum period and its correlation with changes that occur during pregnancy. Objective: The objective of this study was to study the prevalence of scapulothoracic dysfunction in primipara after 1 year of delivery. Methods: A total 150 primipara women who had completed 1 year of delivery were randomly selected from the Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences, Karad in this analytical observational study. Scapulothoracic dysfunction was assessed using postural examination chart in the anterior, lateral and posterior views by plumb line, manual muscle testing for muscle strength, and special tests for scapular dysfunction. Results: The result showed that 71% found to be positive for scapulothoracic dysfunction through YES/NO test, respectively. Majority of the subjects (45%) had type II scapular dyskinesis, while 18% subjects had type I, 11% had type III, and 22% had type IV. On postural examination, 27% had forward head posture, 55% had protracted shoulder, and 60% had kyphotic posture. The strength test showed that 57% subjects had weak trapezius, 60% had serratus anterior weak and significant amount of weakness with gradings in the range of −3–+3 for 57% subjects in trapezius, 60% in serratus anterior, and 65% had weak rhomboid’s major with gradings in the range of −3–+3, respectively. Conclusion: The study concludes that, statistically, there was high prevalence of scapulothoracic dysfunction in primipara women after 1 year of delivery. This was due of the slouched posture that the women’s adapted due to increase in breast size, increased size of the uterus, breast feeding positioning, and also infant care which demanded hunched back posture. It was also found that women had lack of knowledge about posture.