Objectives To clarify whether smoking was associated with elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) and to evaluate the interrelationship among IOP, blood viscosity, and smoking. Methods This cross-sectional study analyzed health examination data obtained between 2001 and 2004 from 1113 individuals (829 men and 284 women), ranging in age from 28 to 79 years, who had not undergone any ocular surgery or medical treatment for hypertension, ocular hypertension, and glaucoma. Results Multiple-regression analysis showed that systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), body mass index (BMI), and number of cigarettes smoked per day had a significantly positive association with IOP in men (P \ 0.05). In women also, SBP, DBP, and BMI were positively related to IOP (P \ 0.05). On the contrary, age had a significant negative association with IOP in both sexes (P \ 0.01). Analysis of covariance and multiple logistic regression analyses showed that the adjusted mean IOP and the multivariate odds ratios for IOP increased with increasing cigarette consumption in men (P for trend = 0.01 and 0.06, respectively). Analysis of covariance found that smoking was significantly associated with both high IOP and high hematocrit in men (P for trend \0.05); however, the adjusted mean IOP values were higher in smokers than in nonsmokers, regardless of the hematocrit level.Conclusions The results of this study suggested that the IOP level may be substantially affected by smoking habit in middle-aged and older Japanese men.

Objectives To clarify whether smoking was associated with elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) and to evaluate the interrelationship among IOP, blood viscosity, and smoking. Methods This cross-sectional study analyzed health examination data obtained between 2001 and 2004 from 1113 individuals (829 men and 284 women), ranging in age from 28 to 79 years, who had not undergone any ocular surgery or medical treatment for hypertension, ocular hypertension, and glaucoma. Results Multiple-regression analysis showed that systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), body mass index (BMI), and number of cigarettes smoked per day had a significantly positive association with IOP in men (P \ 0.05). In women also, SBP, DBP, and BMI were positively related to IOP (P \ 0.05). On the contrary, age had a significant negative association with IOP in both sexes (P \ 0.01). Analysis of covariance and multiple logistic regression analyses showed that the adjusted mean IOP and the multivariate odds ratios for IOP increased with increasing cigarette consumption in men (P for trend = 0.01 and 0.06, respectively). Analysis of covariance found that smoking was significantly associated with both high IOP and high hematocrit in men (P for trend \0.05); however, the adjusted mean IOP values were higher in smokers than in nonsmokers, regardless of the hematocrit level.Conclusions The results of this study suggested that the IOP level may be substantially affected by smoking habit in middle-aged and older Japanese men.

To clarify the interrelationship among blood pressure (BP), intraocular pressure (IOP), and lifestyle related factors, a cross-sectional study was conducted. This epidemiological study analyzed health examination data obtained between 2001 and 2004 from 1113 Japanese individuals, ranging in age 28 to 79 years, who had not undergone any ocular surgery or medical treatment for hypertension, ocular hypertension, and glaucoma. The association of systolic and diastolic BP (SBP and DBP), and lifestyle related factors such as body mass index (BMI), drinking, smoking, and exercise habits with IOP were evaluated by multiple regression analyses and analyses of covariance. The results of this study showed that SBP, DBP, and BMI had a significantly positive association with IOP in both sexes. In men, the number of cigarette smoking per day was also positively related to IOP (P < 0.05). In respect to the interrelationship among BP, IOP, and lifestyle related factors, it was found that smoking was associated with high IOP, especially with "high BP accompanied by high IOP". The results of this study suggested that prohibition of smoking in addition to management of BP and BMI might be important to Japanese patients with open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension as they have a higher incidence of normal tension glaucoma than Europeans and Americans.