For commercialization, further reducing the cost and increasing the stability of perovskite solar cell (PSC) have been the most essential tasks for researchers, since the efficiency of single-junction PSCs has reached a competitive level among all kinds of single-junction solar cells. Carbon-electrode-based PSCs (CPSCs), as one of the most promising constructions for achieving stable economical PSCs, now attract enormous attention. Here, we briefly review the development of CPSCs and reveal the importance of the n-i-p architecture for state-of-the-art CPSCs. Despite the promise, challenges still exist in CPSCs of n-i-p architecture, which mainly steam from the incompact contact of hole transporting layer (HTL)/carbon electrode. Thus, new carbon materials and/or novel manufactural methods should be proposed. Specifically, HTL is yet to be appropriate for state-of-the-art CPSCs since the solution process of carbon electrode may destroy the underlayer. And for further enhance the performance of CPSCs, both HTL and electron transporting layer (ETL) as well as their interfaces with perovskite active layer need to be improved. Besides, we recommend that the perovskite active layer with long carrier lifetime, strong carrier transport capability and long-term stability is of significance as well. We highlight the current researches on CPSCs and provide a systematic review of various types of regulation tools.

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Gastric organoids are biological models constructed in vitro using stem cell culture and 3D cell culture techniques, which are the latest research hotspots. The proliferation of stem cells in vitro is the key to gastric organoid models, making the cell subsets within the models more similar to in vivo tissues. Meanwhile, the 3D culture technology also provides a more suitable microenvironment for the cells. Therefore, the gastric organoid models can largely restore the growth condition of cells in terms of morphology and function in vivo. As the most classic organoid models, patient-derived organoids use the patient’s own tissues for in vitro culture. This kind of model is responsive to the ‘disease information’ of a specific patient and has great effect on evaluating the strategies of individualized treatment. Herein, we review the current literature on the establishment of organoid cultures, and also explore organoid translational applications.