Background. Wildlife management is becoming a more challenging problem throughout the world. One of the main difficulties it encounters is that residents tend to have ambivalent attitudes regarding whether wildlife should be eliminated or conserved. Aim. We made a consensus building gaming scenario for promoting creative solutions to wildlife management dilemmas. In this article, we aim to show the prerequisites for high performance of this gaming. Method. The gaming consists of three phases: a game playing phase, a presenting dilemma phase, and a game remodeling phase. The game playing phase consists of playing the game which is based on the actual wildlife management problem in Japan. Players can learn the difficulties of real wildlife management from the perspective of farmers. In presenting the dilemma phase, they are presented with the dilemma structure of wildlife problems and motivated to solve the dilemma. In the game remodeling phase, the players remodel the played game to design a new society wherein the residents can coexist successfully with wildlife. The remodeling phase is a kind of well-constructed debriefing process. With this game remodeling process, players can use their creativity for consensus building. Results. The gaming society functioned well especially for players with high pragmatic attitudes or those good at generating ideas especially through talking with others. Conclusion. The prerequisites for high performance of this gaming were verified. But further research is necessary for producing creative consensus building theory and objectively evaluating the quality of players’ ideas.

In recent years, non-invasive monitoring of psychophysiological preferences for identifying unconscious reactions by measuring brain activity has attracted attention. However, no prior studies on the perception and consumption of food and drink have examined cerebral activity during "chewing." Also, there is no research on food with multiple tastes that is eaten on a daily basis. Therefore, we investigated psychophysiological food-preference when chewing an apple by assessing cerebral blood flow (CBF) by using fNIRS (functional near-infrared spectroscopy). Gustatory sense and food preferences can be distinguished. However, instead of controlling for the taste, psychophysiological preference for information about taste was manipulated by presenting a nameplate showing the area where the food was produced. Independent component analysis (ICA) of CBF signals suggested that the average rate of taste identification with the nameplate was high (94.5%). We also tested the effects of "chewing", which had not been investigated in previous studies. This was expected to expand the scope of research and its possibilities. It is suggested that methods of eliminating artefacts during chewing and methods of identifying preferences devised in this study would be useful for psychophysiological monitoring.

Although many of the existing studies on wildlife problems aim at how to alleviate damage to human beings by wildlife, residents in agricultural area tend to allow the existence of wildlife. In recent years wildlife problems are becoming manifest in non-agricultural areas such as cities and suburbs, so it is important to clarify what kind of consciousness the residents in non-agricultural areas have on wildlife problems. This is because residents in non-agricultural areas may reconsider not only how to relate to wildlife but also how to relate to nature and agricultural areas by seeing the wildlife problems as opportunities. In this research, we aim to clarify the residents' conscious structure on wildlife problem in non-agricultural areas. As a viewpoint to grasp the relationship between human and wildlife, we adopt the concept of "symbiosis". This is because by using this concept we can understand the phenomenon that residents tend to permit wildlife to live in their living environment (so the wildlife become symbiotic) because the wildlife is 'load' for them. Analysis models incorporating the concepts of "load" "symbiosis" was constructed. To verify these analysis models, a questionnaire survey was conducted to ask residents in the suburbs of Sendai City how they think about wildlife problems. As a result, the following tendencies are clarified: 1. people who have witnessed wildlife tend to permit wildlife to live in their living environment; 2. people who have tolerant attitude toward wildlife tend to evaluate habitat management for wildlife as a measure against wildlife. The latter tendency can be interpreted that habitat management for wildlife is symbiotic measure, so people who can permit wildlife to live in their living environment tend to prefer this measure.

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