To compare single-molecule real-time technology (SMRT) and conventional genetic diagnostic technology of rare types of thalassemia mutations, and to analyze the molecular characteristics and phenotypes of rare thalassemia gene variants, we used 434 cases with positive hematology screening as the cohort, then used SMRT technology and conventional gene diagnosis technology [(Gap-PCR, multiple ligation probe amplification technology (MLPA), PCR-reverse dot blot (RDB)] for thalassemia gene screening. Among the 434 enrolled cases, conventional technology identified 318 patients with variants (73.27%) and 116 patients without variants (26.73%), SMRT identified 361 patients with variants (83.18%), and 73 patients without variants (16.82%). The positive detection rate of SMRT was 9.91% higher than conventional technology. Combination of the two methods identified 485 positive alleles among 49 types of variant. The genotypes of 354 cases were concordant between the two methods, while 80 cases were discordant. Among the 80 cases, 76 cases had variants only identified in SMRT method, 3 cases had variants only identified in conventional method, and 1 false positive result by the traditional PCR detection technology. Except the three variants in HS40 and HBG1-HBG2 loci, which was beyond the design of SMRT method in this study, all the other discordant variants identified by SMRT were validated by further Sanger sequencing or MLPA. The hematological phenotypic parameters of 80 discordant cases were also analyzed. SMRT technology increased the positive detection rate of thalassemia genes, and detected rare thalassemia cases with variable phenotypes, which had great significance for clinical thalassemia gene screening.

The increasing number of disease-causing mutations demands a simple, direct, and cost-effective diagnostic genotyping technique capable of detecting multiple mutations. This study validated the efficacy of a novel melting curve analysis-based genotyping assay (MeltPro HBB assay) for 24 ␤-thalassemia mutations in the Chinese population. The diagnostic potential of this assay was evaluated in 1022 pretyped genomic DNA samples, including 909 clinical cases of ␤-thalassemia minor or major, using a double-blind analysis in a multicenter validation study. Reproducibility of the assay was 100%, and the limit of detection was 10 pg per reaction. All 24 ␤-thalassemia mutations were accurately genotyped, and ␤-thalassemia genotypes were correctly determined in all 1022 samples, yielding overall sensitivity and specificity of 100%. The concordance rate was 99.4% between this assay and the reference method. It was concluded that the MeltPro HBB assay is useful for reliable genotyping of multiple ␤-thalassemia mutations in clinical settings and may have potential as a versatile method for rapid genotyping of known mutations because of its high throughput, accuracy, ease of use, and low cost.

In 2020 and 2021, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a novel coronavirus, caused a global pandemic. Vaccines are expected to reduce the pressure of prevention and control, and have become the most effective strategy to solve the pandemic crisis. SARS-CoV-2 infects the host by binding to the cellular receptor angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) via the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the surface spike (S) glycoprotein. In this study, a candidate vaccine based on a RBD recombinant subunit was prepared by means of a novel glycoengineered yeast Pichia pastoris expression system with characteristics of glycosylation modification similar to those of mammalian cells. The candidate vaccine effectively stimulated mice to produce high-titer anti-RBD specific antibody. Furthermore, the specific antibody titer and virus-neutralizing antibody (NAb) titer induced by the vaccine were increased significantly by the combination of the double adjuvants Al(OH) 3 and CpG. Our results showed that the virus-NAb lasted for more than 6 months in mice. To summarize, we have obtained a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine based on the RBD of the S glycoprotein expressed in glycoengineered Pichia pastoris , which stimulates neutralizing and protective antibody responses. A technical route for fucose-free complex-type N -glycosylation modified recombinant subunit vaccine preparation has been established.

These data suggest that copy number variation in the 22q11.2 region is common in CHD patients in southwest China. Regardless of the presence or absence of extracardiac symptoms, results also indicate that it is necessary to perform prenatal screening for CHD.

and remdesivir to treat SARS-CoV-2 infection. [3] Meanwhile, researchers have also reported the development of effective neutralizing antibodies using techniques such as single B cell sequencing. [4] Nevertheless, one of the most promising strategies for COVID-19 prevention relies on vaccine development. There have already been more than 100 vaccines under development, including whole virus vaccines (attenuated, inactivated, or recombinant virus), subunit vaccines, DNA, and RNA vaccines. [5] For example, an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 whole virus vaccine from China showed efficacy in mice, rats, and monkeys. [6] Another recombinant adenovirus vaccine clinical trial (NCT04313127) has posted its phase 1 results with neutralizing antibodies and reported specific T cell responses. [7] Whole virus vaccines are expensive, dangerous during production, and may cause severe vaccine-related diseases. [8] Alternatively, using subunit vaccines with virus antigen protein should be a safer, more effective, and economic strategy. Recombinant expression of the antigen in organisms such as E. coli, yeast, or mammalian cells can facilitate the large-scale production. The receptor binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (S-RBD) has been shown to mediate the entry of the virus into host cells via interacting with human angiotensin converting Prevention and intervention methods are urgently needed to curb the global pandemic of coronavirus disease-19 caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Herein, a general pro-antigen strategy for subunit vaccine development based on the reversibly formulated receptor binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (S-RBD) is reported. Since the poor lymph node targeting and uptake of S-RBD by antigen-presenting cells prevent effective immune responses, S-RBD protein is formulated into a reversible nanogel (S-RBD-NG), which serves as a pro-antigen with enhanced lymph node targeting and dendritic cell and macrophage accumulation. Synchronized release of S-RBD monomers from the internalized S-RBD-NG pro-antigen triggers more potent immune responses in vivo. In addition, by optimizing the adjuvant used, the potency of S-RBD-NG is further improved, which may provide a generally applicable, safer, and more effective strategy for subunit vaccine development against SARS-CoV-2 as well as other viruses.