Plesiosaurians are an extinct group of highly derived Mesozoic marine reptiles with a global distribution that spans 135 million years from the Early Jurassic to the Late Cretaceous. During their long evolutionary history they maintained a unique body plan with two pairs of large wing-like flippers, but their locomotion has been a topic of debate for almost 200 years. Key areas of controversy have concerned the most efficient biologically possible limb stroke, e.g. whether it consisted of rowing, underwater flight, or modified underwater flight, and how the four limbs moved in relation to each other: did they move in or out of phase? Previous studies have investigated plesiosaur swimming using a variety of methods, including skeletal analysis, human swimmers, and robotics. We adopt a novel approach using a digital, three-dimensional, articulated, free-swimming plesiosaur in a simulated fluid. We generated a large number of simulations under various joint degrees of freedom to investigate how the locomotory repertoire changes under different parameters. Within the biologically possible range of limb motion, the simulated plesiosaur swims primarily with its forelimbs using an unmodified underwater flight stroke, essentially the same as turtles and penguins. In contrast, the hindlimbs provide relatively weak thrust in all simulations. We conclude that plesiosaurs were forelimb-dominated swimmers that used their hind limbs mainly for maneuverability and stability.

Figure 1: Equal-time comparison of two-bounce path tracing with our approach. Images are rendered at 1080p resolution with an NVIDIA 3090 RTX GPU without denoising. (Left) Path tracing with one sample per pixel in 8.0 ms. (Middle) ReSTIR GI using spatial and temporal resampling and one sample per pixel in 8.9 ms. Mean squared error is improved by a factor of 15.1. (Right) Path traced reference image.This is a challenging scene for path tracing, as direct lighting is concentrated in small regions, making it difficult to find indirect lighting paths. ReSTIR GI is much more effective thanks to sample reuse in both space and time.

Temporal Antialiasing (TAA), formally defined as temporally‐amortized supersampling, is the most widely used antialiasing technique in today's real‐time renderers and game engines. This survey provides a systematic overview of this technique. We first review the history of TAA, its development path and related work. We then identify the two main sub‐components of TAA, sample accumulation and history validation, and discuss algorithmic and implementation options. As temporal upsampling is becoming increasingly relevant to today's game engines, we propose an extension of our TAA formulation to cover a variety of temporal upsampling techniques. Despite the popularity of TAA, there are still significant unresolved technical challenges that affect image quality in many scenarios. We provide an in‐depth analysis of these challenges, and review existing techniques for improvements. Finally, we summarize popular algorithms and topics that are closely related to TAA. We believe the rapid advances in those areas may either benefit from or feedback into TAA research and development.

No abstract

input 4×4 times larger synthesis using Transposer (ours) input Transposer(ours) Self-Tuning pix2pixHD Text.Mixer SinGAN Non-stat. WCT DeepTexture