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Addition of small concentrations of certain high molecular weight polymers to flowing fluids can drastically reduce the turbulent friction. The mechanism is caused by the interaction of the elongated polymer molecule chains and the solvent molecules. The elongated structure of polymer acts as an eddy stress absorber and in turns ensures overall drag reduction between fluid layers. This can also be stated as the development of viscoelastic nature in the subject fluid. The present study compares the effects of the addition of two polymers namely polyacrylamide (PAM) and polyethylene oxide (PEO) in water, a Newtonian fluid. An experimental study using a viscometer is analyzed to showcase the viscoelastic nature developed by water on addition of polymers over a range of ppm concentrations. The results are in agreement with data reported in literature that viscoelastic nature is triggered on addition of these polymers.

Human health is one of the most important concerns for the governments around the world. Global organizations such as WHO (World Health Organization) and PATH (Program for Appropriate Technology in Health) have considerable interest in organizing vaccination programs and its cold chain delivery. The problem predominantly persists in Lower-middle income countries like India where due to inadequate infrastructure and lack of consistent Power supply, significant losses occur in the cold chain. Improvements are required to prevent the loss of costly and precious vaccines during the cold chain. India lacks a reliable power supply and the resulting power cuts interrupt the cold chain, leading to a loss of vaccine potency since they are not within the temperature range of 2–8 °C. This paper studies the current VCB (vaccine carrier box) and cold chain design through the aid of Computer modelling and simulations. Also a novel experimental setup to examine insulation R-value has been devised and studied. Based on this a new design approach is utilized to model a thermoelectric system and early designing is done through the aid of 3-D printing.