BackgroundIndia contributes 1.5–2 million annual confirmed cases of malaria. Since both parasites and vectors are evolving rapidly, updated information on parasite prevalence in mosquitoes is important for vector management and disease control. Possible new vector-parasite interactions in Goa, India were tested.MethodsA total of 1036 CDC traps were placed at four malaria endemic foci in Goa, India from May 2013 to April 2015. These captured 23,782 mosquitoes, of which there were 1375 female anopheline specimens with ten species identified using morphological keys. Mosquito DNA was analysed for human and bovine blood as well as for Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax infection.ResultsHuman host feeding was confirmed in Anopheles stephensi (30 %), Anopheles subpictus (27 %), Anopheles jamesii (22 %), Anopheles annularis (26 %), and Anopheles nigerrimus (16 %). In contrast, Anopheles vagus, Anopheles barbirostris, Anopheles tessellates, Anopheles umbrosus and Anopheles karwari specimens were negative for human blood. Importantly, An. subpictus, which was considered a non-vector in Goa and Western India, was found to be a dominant vector in terms of both total number of mosquitoes collected as well as Plasmodium carriage. Plasmodium infections were detected in 14 An. subpictus (2.8 %), while the traditional vector, An. stephensi, showed seven total infections, two of which were in the salivary glands. Of the 14 An. subpictus infections, nested PCR demonstrated three Plasmodium infections in the salivary glands: one P. vivax and two mixed infections of P. falciparum and P. vivax. In addition, ten gut infections (one P. vivax, six P. falciparum and three mixed infections) were seen in An. subpictus. Longitudinal mosquito collections pointed to a bimodal annual appearance of An. subpictus to maintain a perennial malaria transmission cycle of both P. vivax and P. falciparum in Goa.

A highly efficient, eco‐friendly, recyclable heterogeneous ZnFe2O4 nanocatalyzed synthesis of 2‐amino‐4‐substituted 1,4‐dihydrobenzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2‐a]pyrimidine‐3‐carbonitrile (4a‐j) derivatives via one pot multicomponent reaction of benzimidazole (1), substituted aromatic aldehyde (2a‐j) and malononitrile (3) under ultrasonic irradiations. Significance of this synthetic approach is short reaction time, easy handling, simplicity, efficiency, high yield, and recoverable catalyst.

Melting points are taken on a precision melting point apparatus (DBK) instrument and are uncorrected. IR spectra are obtained in potassium bromide (KBr) disks on a Bruker IR Spectrometer and H 1 NMR spectra were obtained on deuteriodimethylsulfoxide (DMSO-d6) as well as CDCl 3 on a 400 MHz spectrometer. GC (VARIAN CP-3800 GC, HP-5 capillary column, FID detector), Mass spectra were recorded on a MicroMass spectrometer by Waters. All starting materials purchased from commercial source. Substrate (2s to 2w) was synthesised following reported process. [1] Raw materials procured from spectrochem.2 General procedure for synthesis of compounds 3a-3ao.4 mmol of carboxylic acid in toluene (5 vol) was added with sodium borohydride(2.5 mmol) in portions at 0-5°C. To the mixture was added EnCat Ni 2.5%.Gradually raise the temperature to 25-30°C. To the mixture was added 1 mmol secondary amine. Raise the temperature to 80°C. To the reaction mixture was added 1.5 mmol of sodiumborohydride in portions. The progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC. After the completion of reaction, reaction mixture was quenched with 1N HCl to pH 7 to 8 and separated organic solution washed with water. Solvent was distilled out under reduce pressure at 50°C. The product was isolated by crystallisation in isopropyl alcohol and conc. Hydrochloric acid followed by filtration and drying to yield (90-99%) solid hydrochloride salt as product.3 Characterisation Data. 4-(benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl(methyl)amino)-2-fluoro-N-methylbenzamide (3x); White

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