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A novel complementary split ring resonator (CSRR)‐loaded switchable multiband antenna with circular and linear polarisation switching is proposed for intelligent transportation system (ITS) application. It has one C‐shaped square patch with coaxial feeding and another direct coupled square‐ring patch with short‐ended microstrip feeding. In order to achieve switchable frequency response, a PIN‐diode is used. The proposed antenna is designed, fabricated, and experimentally tested. The measured data at the centre frequency 1.93, 3.73, 4.35, 5.9, 6.35, 7.25, and 8.75 GHz have impedance bandwidths of 50 MHz (1.90–1.95 GHz), 50 MHz (3.70–3.75 GHz), 500 MHz (4.10–4.60 GHz), 200 MHz (6.25–6.45 GHz), 300 MHz (7.10–7.40 GHz), and 600 MHz (8.45–9.05 GHz). The maximum bandwidth of the proposed antenna is 13%. The simulated and measured values of return loss of the antenna are in very good uniformity.

This article presents a novel reconfigurable aperture coupled fed antenna with a defected ground plane for an intelligent transportation system (ITS). The antenna design with aperture coupled feed line. The defected ground plane allows variation in reactance of the proposed antenna around the center frequency and coupling of energy. This antenna is multiband and works at resonant frequencies of 2.45, 5.9, and 24 GHz allowing measurable reconfigurability with the help of PIN diode. From the measurement, one can infer that the bandwidth is 0.8, 1, and 8.5 GHz, and gain obtained are 11.7, 4.04, and 4.4 dBi at 2.45, 5.9, and 24 GHz frequencies, respectively. It is circularly polarized with a broadside radiation pattern. The advantage of this design is that it covers all the three bands allocated by the Federal Communications Commission for ITS and vehicular communication applications. It is an electrically small, low profile antenna and has a simple structure thus gives large bandwidth.

Background: Emergency contraception are birth control measures that, if taken after unprotected sexual intercourse, contraceptive failure, incorrect use of contraceptives or in cases of sexual assault may prevent pregnancy. The aim of the study was to assess the knowledge and attitude of female living in urban part of Lucknow district from September 2015 to August 2016.Methods: This was a descriptive, cross-sectional study conducted at RML Hospital, Lucknow from September 2015 to August 2016. A cross sectional study design was conducted and Participants were selected using simple random sampling method. Data was collected by using self-administered questionnaires. Data processing and analysis: The collected data was entered into a computer and analyzed using statistical package of social science version 20.0.Results: In this study it was found that, Out of 385 subjects 54% (209) new the correct time interval for EC to be effective and 91% (350) new that this is for prevention of unplanned pregnancy. Out of 385 subjects 77% (345) reported that they had heard the word EC from different sources, however 23% (90) reported that they never heard about that it means that still there is a scope of health awareness activities and health education to improve the knowledge of EC. Different attitudes of females towards emergency contraception some different pair of questions was asked. Out of 385 subjects 85% (329) were reported that they have positive attitudes in terms of benefits of EC to reduce the risk of unplanned pregnancy. A few number of subjects i.e. 12% (48) reported negative attitudes towards EC where as 3 % (8) did not respond. The more than half subjects i.e. 68% (260) reported that they use EC even if their partners disagreed with them where as 11% (41). Cultural belief was found as an barrier in having negative attitudes towards EC. The Religion, Occupation and educational status affect knowledge and attitudes towards EC.Conclusions: The results show that there is a scope of health awareness activities and health education to improve the knowledge and attitude towards EC.