This paper presents an optimization approach to the design of simply supported, post-tensioned, prestressed concrete I-girder bridges. The objective is to minimize the total cost of the structure, considering cost of materials, fabrication, and installation. For a particular girder span and bridge width, the design variables considered for cost minimization of the bridge system are girder spacing, various crosssectional dimensions of the girder, number of strands per tendon, number of tendons, tendon layout and configuration, slab thickness, slab rebar, and shear rebar for the girder. Explicit constraints on the design variables are developed on the basis of geometric requirements, practical conditions for construction, and code restrictions. Implicit constraints for design are formulated as per the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) Standard Specifications. The optimization problem is characterized by having a combination of continuous, discrete, and integer sets of design variables and multiple local minima. An optimization algorithm, evolutionary operation (EVOP), is used that is capable of locating directly with high probability the global minimum without requiring information on gradient or subgradient of the objective function. The present optimization approach is used for a real-life bridge project, leading to a feasible and acceptable design resulting in around 35% savings in cost per square meter of the deck area. Computational time required for optimization of the present problem is only a few seconds. Because constant design parameters have influence on the optimum design, this cost minimization procedure is performed for a range of such parameters.

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Belt conveyors, widely used in various industries worldwide, are often exposed to corrosive environment. Decades after construction, many of the support structures of belt conveyors have severe degradation, which may cause structural failure and functional stop of associated industries. To ensure the safety and reliability, effective and efficient damage identification of belt conveyor support structures is essential. However, application of existing global vibration-based damage identification techniques to these structures is difficult due to unavailability of baseline condition, the possible presence of multiple corroded members in a single structure, and the effect of nonstructural components that are occasionally updated. In this paper, a damage identification method of the main members of a belt conveyor support structure is proposed and validated through numerical and experimental studies. Cross-sectional modes (CSMs), shown to exist on the main member numerically and experimentally, are utilized. Eigenvalue analysis of an FE model of the support structure reveals the characteristics of CSMs and localized CSMs (LCSMs). A damage identification method based on these modes is developed; the existence and location of the damage is evaluated from current state of the structure without the need for before-after comparison. By identifying the distinct LCSMs, multiple damages are also independently identified.

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