Background Sleep disturbance in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients may have a negative impact not only on patients themselves but also on the physical and mental health of their caregivers. Detailed analysis of these issues is lacking. Objective This study investigated the association between sleep disturbance in AD patients and the burden on, and health status of, their caregivers in Japan. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional web-based questionnaire survey among caregivers of AD patients with insomnia symptoms in Japan. Demographic data and Sleep Disorders Inventory (SDI) scores for patients, caregiver burden (Burden Index of Caregivers-11 [BIC-11]) and health status, including Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Patient Health Questionnaire-9, and 12-Item Short Form Health Survey v2, were collected. Multivariate analysis was used to examine the association between the burden and health status of caregivers and sleep disturbance in their care recipients with AD. Results A total of 496 caregivers of AD patients with insomnia symptoms were examined in this study. We found that the BIC-11 total score increased as the SDI score increased, indicating a significant positive association, even after adjusting for confounding factors. We also found an association between sleep disturbances of AD patients and health of caregivers (sleep quality, depression, and physical/mental quality of life). Conclusion This study demonstrated that sleep disturbance in AD patients was associated with an increased burden and poorer health status of caregivers. Our findings highlight the importance of sleep management in AD patients. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00415-019-09286-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Introduction Optimal treatment of insomnia is uncommon, given the lack of awareness regarding insomnia management. While the treatment landscape for insomnia has evolved following the introduction of orexin receptor antagonists (ORA), few studies have examined prescribing patterns of hypnotics. We analyzed data from a claims database to examine real-world use of hypnotics in Japan. Methods Patients (aged ≥20 to <75 years old) with insomnia diagnosis, prescribed ≥1 hypnotic and continuous enrollment for ≥12 months before the index date were extracted from the JMDC claims database between April 1st, 2009 and March 31st, 2020. Patients were classified as new users of hypnotics or long-term users (prescribed the same mechanism of action [MOA] for ≥180 days). Trends (2010–2019) and patterns (2018–2019) in hypnotics prescriptions were analyzed. Results The analysis comprised of 130,177 new users and 91,215 long-term users (2010–2019). Nearly all new users (97.1%–97.9%) were prescribed a single MOA in each year. In 2010, almost all new users (94.0%) of hypnotics were prescribed GABAA-receptor agonists (benzodiazepines [BZD] or z-drugs). The proportions of patients prescribed BZD declined over time (from 54.8% in 2010 to 30.5% in 2019), whereas those prescribed z-drugs remained stable (~40%). The proportion of patients prescribed a melatonin receptor agonist increased slightly (3.2% to 6.3%), while those prescribed ORA increased substantially (0% to 20.2%). Among long-term users, the proportion of patients prescribed BZD steadily declined over time, but more than half were prescribed BZD. Unlike new users, a lower proportion of long-term users were prescribed ORA (0% in 2010, 4.3% in 2019). Analyses using 2018–2019 data showed that a combination of multiple (≥2) MOAs was prescribed to a higher proportion (18.2%) of long-term users than new users (2.8%). The prescription patterns of hypnotics were comparable among patients stratified by age, sex, medical specialty, and psychiatric comorbidities. Conclusion The present study showed distinct characteristics in the patterns and trends of the prescriptions of hypnotics among new users and long-term users in Japan. The high proportion of long-term BZD users suggests the need for educating clinicians about the optimal care pathway for insomnia. Support (If Any) MSD K.K., Tokyo, Japan

Background There is limited consensus regarding the optimal treatment of insomnia. The recent introduction of orexin receptor antagonists (ORA) has increased the available treatment options. However, the prescribing patterns of hypnotics in Japan have not been comprehensively assessed. We performed analyses of a claims database to investigate the real-world use of hypnotics for treating insomnia in Japan. Methods Data were retrieved for outpatients (aged ≥ 20 to < 75 years old) prescribed ≥ 1 hypnotic for a diagnosis of insomnia between April 1st, 2009 and March 31st, 2020, with ≥ 12 months of continuous enrolment in the JMDC Claims Database. Patients were classified as new or long-term users of hypnotics. Long-term use was defined as prescription of the same mechanism of action (MOA) for ≥ 180 days. We analyzed the trends (2010–2019) and patterns (2018–2019) in hypnotics prescriptions. Results We analyzed data for 130,177 new and 91,215 long-term users (2010–2019). Most new users were prescribed one MOA per year (97.1%–97.9%). In 2010, GABAA-receptor agonists (benzodiazepines [BZD] or z-drugs) were prescribed to 94.0% of new users. Prescriptions for BZD declined from 54.8% of patients in 2010 to 30.5% in 2019, whereas z-drug prescriptions remained stable (~ 40%). Prescriptions for melatonin receptor agonist increased slightly (3.2% to 6.3%). Prescriptions for ORA increased over this time from 0% to 20.2%. Prescriptions for BZD alone among long-term users decreased steadily from 68.3% in 2010 to 49.7% in 2019. Prescriptions for ORA were lower among long-term users (0% in 2010, 4.3% in 2019) relative to new users. Using data from 2018–2019, multiple (≥ 2) MOAs were prescribed to a higher proportion of long-term (18.2%) than new (2.8%) users. The distribution of MOAs according to psychiatric comorbidities, segmented by age or sex, revealed higher proportions of BZD prescriptions in elderly (new and long-term users) and male (new users) patients in all comorbidity segments. Conclusion Prescriptions for hypnotics among new and long-term users in Japan showed distinct patterns and trends. Further understanding of the treatment options for insomnia with accumulating evidence for the risk–benefit balance might be beneficial for physicians prescribing hypnotics in real-world settings.

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ObjectivesDelirium is a neuropsychiatric disorder that commonly occurs in elderly patients with cognitive impairment. The economic burden of delirium in Japan has not been well characterised. In this study, we assessed incremental medical costs of delirium in hospitalised elderly Japanese patients with cognitive impairment.DesignRetrospective, cross-sectional, observational study.SettingAdministrative data collected from acute care hospitals in Japan between April 2012 and September 2020.ParticipantsHospitalised patients ≥65 years old with cognitive impairment were categorised into groups—with and without delirium. Delirium was identified using a delirium identification algorithm based on the International Classification of Diseases 10thRevision codes or antipsychotic prescriptions.Outcome measuresTotal medical costs during hospitalisation were compared between the groups using a generalised linear model.ResultsThe study identified 297 600 hospitalised patients ≥65 years of age with cognitive impairment: 39 836 had delirium and 257 764 did not. Patient characteristics such as age, sex, inpatient department and comorbidities were similar between groups. Mean (SD) unadjusted total medical cost during hospitalisation was 979 907.7 (871 366.4) yen for patients with delirium and 816 137.0 (794 745.9) yen for patients without delirium. Adjusted total medical cost was significantly greater for patients with delirium compared with those without delirium (cost ratio=1.09, 95% CI: 1.09 to 1.10; p<0.001). Subgroup analyses revealed significantly higher total medical costs for patients with delirium compared with those without delirium in most subgroups except patients with hemiplegia or paraplegia.ConclusionsMedical costs during hospitalisation were significantly higher for patients with delirium compared with those without delirium in elderly Japanese patients with cognitive impairment, regardless of patient subgroups such as age, sex, intensive care unit admission and most comorbidities. These findings suggest that delirium prevention strategies are critical to reducing the economic burden as well as psychological/physiological burden in cognitively impaired elderly patients in Japan.