Jet Propellant-8 (JP-8) has been responsible for the majority of reported chemical exposures by the US Department of Defense. Concerns related to human exposure to JP-8 are relatively new; therefore, there is a lack of literature data. Additionally, health effects related to the composition of the exposure have only recently been considered. Two major questions exist: (1) what is the compositional difference between the aerosol and vapor portions of JP-8 under controlled conditions and (2) what is the most representative method to sample JP-8 aerosol and vapor? Thirty-seven standards, representing more than 40% of the mass of JP-8, were used for characterization of the neat fuel, vapor and aerosol portions. JP-8 vapor samples at a concentration of 1600 mg/m(3) were prepared in Tedlar bags. A portion of the vapor samples was adsorbed on charcoal, Tenax and custom mixed phase sorbents. These samples were then extracted using organic solvent and analyzed using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The vapor samples extracted from the sorbent tubes were directly compared with a vapor bag. The samples collected using Tenax sorbent tubes were found to be most representative of the composition of the vapor bags. In another set of experiments, aerosolized JP-8 was generated using a collision nebulizer. Aerosol samples were collected and the chemical composition was characterized. The entire aerosol distribution was collected on a glass filter, extracted into solvent, and analyzed by GC-MS. Finally, the composition of the vapor and aerosol was compared. The vapor was found to represent the lower molecular weight components of JP-8, while the aerosol was composed of higher molecular weight components. Therefore, the vapor and aerosol should be treated as two discrete forms of exposure to JP-8.

Jet propellant 8 (JP-8) is a complex mixture of compounds that varies from batch to batch. Quantification of various compound classes of JP-8, including BTEX, PAHs and VOCs, has been accomplished. Very few papers have tackled total JP-8 quantification because of its complexity. The components in JP-8 tend to co-elute and present at low concentrations, often nondetectable. JP-8 is the major source of chemical exposure for Department of Defense personnel and a potential hazard for civilians and marine animals. Some components of JP-8 have been identified as possible human carcinogens and have been studied extensively. Development of analytical methods to analyze the components of this fuel are essential to measure the extent of exposure, as well as the short-term and long-term exposure in rodents, humans and marine life. To date, JP-8 has been examined in urine, blood, contaminated water and fish tissue. This paper reviews methods currently utilized in the literature for the analysis of JP-8 and its components. This paper also discusses extraction methods and detectors commonly used in JP-8 and hydrocarbon analysis in general. Finally, the effects of exposure and the future of JP-8 and petroleum analysis with respect to human health are discussed.

Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for revi gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES ABSTRACTThe overarching goal of this research project was to develop a mathematical dosimetry model for aerosolized JP-8 to better understand human exposure to inhaled JP-8. The JP-8 dosimetry model could then be used to determine human health risks from exposure to JP-8.For the first time, individual hydrocarbon data were collected to characterize the atmospheric exposures and dosimetry for laboratory animals exposed to vaporized or aerosolized JP-8. Both chamber atmosphere and body burden data were collected using analytical methods developed by our team. Our dosimetry work was curtained at end of this grant and remains to be completed. However, preliminary findings suggest that important differences in exposure of rats to individual hydrocarbons occur when JP-8 is aerosolized vs vaporized. This provide some evidence for explaining the apparent discrepancies reported for the toxicology of JP-8 when exposed to vapor vs. aerosol/vapor mixtures. SUBJECT TERMS SECURITY