Direct conversion of methylenebicyclo[4.2.0]octanone to methylenebicyclo[3.2.1]octanol by a Sm(II)-induced 1,2-rearrangement with ring expansion of the methylenecyclobutane is described. Three conditions were optimized to allow the adaptation of this approach to various substrates. A rearrangement mechanism is proposed involving the generation of a ketyl radical and cyclopentanation by ketyl-olefin cyclization, followed by radical fragmentation and subsequent protonation.

No abstract

Recently, unsteady aerodynamics has been drawing many attention because it is becoming clear that unsteady aerodynamics have a big effect on running stability, safety and ride comfort of vehicles. In order to estimate unsteady aerodynamics, it is necessary to reproduce the actual running condition including an atmospheric disturbance and vehicle motion. However, it is difficult to investigate the effect of unsteady aerodynamics in the road test because it has a lot of errors in measurement. In this study, a coupled simulation method between the 6DoF motion of a vehicle and aerodynamics was developed for these problems. Large Eddy Simulation (LES) was used to estimate the aerodynamics, and the motion equations of a vehicle was used to estimate vehicle motion. Vehicle motion in aerodynamic simulation was reproduced by using Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) method. In addition, sliding mesh method was used to reproduce overtaking and passing motions of two vehicles. By using the methods, aerodynamics and vehicle dynamics simulations are treated interactively (2-way) by exchanging each result at each time step. The 2-way results were compared with the 1-way coupled simulation estimating vehicle motion from aerodynamics results posteriori to investigate how vehicle’s motion itself further affects its aerodynamics during the pass-by and overtaking motions. Our main focus is, by using this method, to study the effect of unsteady aerodynamics on the running stability of a vehicle. The results of 1-way and 2-way coupling analysis showed difference with respect to behavior of a vehicle. It is believed that such differences result in the different aerodynamic forces and moments, which is caused by the vehicle’s posture changes in the 2-way coupling simulation.

The purpose of this study were to evaluate the residual volume of radiopharmaceuticals in the three-way stopper and syringe used during radiopharmaceutical administration and the effect of washing. The three-way stoppers were a top injector tube, a top three-way stopper, and a Nipro three-way stopper with a needle. Sodium pertechnetate [ 99m Tc] injection ( 99m TcO 4 −) was used to compare the residual volume of radiopharmaceuticals in the three-way stopper and syringe without and with washing. Clinically, 137 patients who underwent cerebral blood flow scintigraphy, dopamine transporter scintigraphy, and bone scintigraphy were included. N-isopropyl-p-[ 123 I]iodoamphetamine ( 123 I-IMP), 123 I-N-ω-fluoropropyl-2β-carboxymethoxy-3β-(4-iodophenyl)nortropane ( 123 I-FP-CIT), and 99m Tc-methylene diphosphonate ( 99m Tc-MDP) were used to compare the residual volume of radiopharmaceuticals in the three-way stopper and syringe without and with washing. The residual volume depended on the type of three-way stopper and radiopharmaceutical used. The residual volume could be reduced by washing, but the effect depended on the type of three-way stopper and radiopharmaceutical used. The residual volume of radiopharmaceuticals in three-way stoppers and syringes can be determined and subtracted to achieve more accurate dose control.

No abstract