Background: Primary immunodeficiency disorders (PIDDs) may be a risk factor for development of recurrent acute rhinosinusitis (RARS). There are currently no clear guidelines for the timing and methodology of PIDD testing in patients with RARS. The aim of this scoping review is to identify and analyze existing literature on this topic.Methods: A scoping review was conducted according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines. Articles addressing recurrent acute sinusitis and immunodeficiencies were collected from PubMed, Web of Science, and the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) and systematically evaluated for eligibility by two reviewers. Results: Of the 209 unique articles identified, 11 met criteria for review and analysis. Articles consisted of historical cohort, case-control, and cross-sectional studies, in addition to case series and nonsystematic reviews. The majority (10) recommended immunodeficiency testing, consisting of general immunologic screening (3), quantitative immunoglobulins (6), and postvaccination antibody titers (5). There was an emphasis on immunoglobulin G (IgG) subclass testing (6). Of the eight articles providing timing recommendations, the majority recommended testing after recurrent infections or diagnosis (6); however, criteria for diagnosis of RARS and populations targeted by recommendations varied greatly by article. Conclusion:Current literature on RARS emphasizes immunoglobulin quantification and postvaccination antibody titers to evaluate for PIDD after diagnosis, but recommendations are limited by wide-ranging populations of interest and inconsistent definitions. This scoping review identified a lack of evidence-based articles specific to diagnostic workup for PIDD in patients with RARS, and Shreya Mandava and Jessica Lin contributed equally to this work.

Objective: We examined trainees in surgery and internal medicine who received National Institutes of Health (NIH) F32 postdoctoral awards to determine their success rates in obtaining future NIH funding. Summary Background Data: Trainees participate in dedicated research years during residency (surgery) and fellowship (internal medicine). They can obtain an NIH F32 grant to fund their research time and have structured mentorship. Methods: We collected NIH F32 grants (1992-2021) for Surgery Departments and Internal Medicine Departments from NIH RePORTER, an online database of NIH grants. Non-surgeons and non-internal medicine physicians were excluded. We collected demographic information on each recipient including gender, current specialty, leadership positions, graduate degrees, and any future NIH grants they received. A Mann-Whitney U test was used for continuous variables and a χ2 test was utilized to analyze categorical variables. An alpha value of 0.05 was used to determine significance. Results: We identified 269 surgeons and 735 internal medicine trainees who received F32 grants. A total of 48 surgeons (17.8%) and 339 internal medicine trainees (50.2%) received future NIH funding (P < 0.0001). Similarly, 24 surgeons (8.9%) and 145 internal medicine trainees (19.7%) received an R01 in the future (P < 0.0001). Surgeons who received F32 grants were more likely to be department chair or division chief (P =0.0055 and P < 0.0001). Conclusions: Surgery trainees who obtain NIH F32 grants during dedicated research years are less likely to receive any form of NIH funding in the future compared to their internal medicine colleagues who received F32 grants.

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