Hot springs are considered to be a unique environment with extremophiles, that are sources of industrially important enzymes, and other biotechnological products. The objective of this study was to undertake, analyze, and characterize the microbiome of two major hot springs located in the state of Madhya Pradesh explicitly, Chhoti Anhoni (Hotspring 1), and Badi Anhoni (Hotspring 2) to find out the inhabitant microbial population, and their functional characteristics. The taxonomic analysis of the microbiome of the hot springs revealed the phylum Proteobacteria was the most abundant taxa in both the hot-springs, however, its abundance in hot-spring 1 (~88%) was more than the hot-spring 2 (~52%). The phylum Bacteroides (~10–22%) was found to be the second most abundant group in the hot-springs followed by Spirocheates (~2–11%), Firmicutes (~6–8%), Chloroflexi (1–5%), etc. The functional analysis of the microbiome revealed different features related to several functions including metabolism of organics and degradation of xenobiotic compounds. The functional analysis showed that most of the attributes of the microbiome was related to metabolism, followed by cellular processes and environmental information processing functions. The functional annotation of the microbiomes at KEGG level 3 annotated the sequences into 279 active features that showed variation in abundance between the hot spring samples, where hot-spring 1 was functionally more diverse. Interestingly, the abundance of functional genes from methanogenic bacteria, was higher in the hot-spring 2, which may be related to the relatively higher pH and temperature than Hotspring 1. The study showed the presence of different unassigned bacterial taxa with high abundance which indicates the potential of novel genera or phylotypes. Culturable isolates (28) were bio-prospected for industrially important enzymes including amylase, protease, lipase, gelatinase, pectinase, cellulase, lecithinase, and xylanase. Seven isolates (25%) had shown positive results for all the enzyme activities whereas 23 isolates (82%) produced Protease, 27 isolates (96%) produced lipase, 27 isolates produced amylase, 26 isolates (92%) produced cellulase, 19 isolates (67%) produced pectinase, 19 isolates (67%) could produce lecithinase, and 13 isolates (46%) produced gelatinase. The seven isolates, positive for all the enzymes were analyzed further for quantitative analysis and identified through molecular characterization.

Hot springs considered being a unique domain of novel extremophiles which are useful for production of industrially important enzymes, to understand the metabolic reactions and for producing other biotechnological products. The aim of the present research was isolation and characterization of thermophilic bacteria containing potential to produce extracellular lipase enzyme from the geothermal springs located in central India. Water is used as test sample in order to obtain thermophilic bacteria. 10 thermophilic bacteria were isolated from the water samples and subjected to screening for the potential of producing lipase enzyme of which 8 isolates are potential producer of extracellular lipase. Two isolates with higher zone of clearance around them were selected for the further investigation. Morphological, biochemical and molecular identification by 16S rRNA sequencing of these isolates (BAC23 and BAC26) could be identified as Bacillus haynesii and Bacillus clausii. The lipolytic activity of these isolates was recorded stable at optimum temperature range of 45°C-60°C with alkaline pH at 9.0-9.4 and at 0.5-1.0 M salinity. Capability to produce extracellular thermostable lipase at high temperature and pH, these strains of Bacillus spp. can be presented as promising contender for modern industrial applications.

Metabolomics is that the study of metabolomes in cells, biofluids, tissues, or organisms to comprehensively determine and quantify each endogenous and exogenous low-molecular-weight (<1kDa) metabolites in an exceedingly high-throughput biological system. Together with alternative omics disciplines, metabolomics has several applications for health, disease, precision and personalized medication, single cell, epidemiologic population studies, metabolic phenotyping, and metabolome-wide interaction studies, preciseness metabolomics, and integrative omics, biotechnology, and applied science. The scientific study of chemical processes involving metabolites, small molecule substrates, intermediates and cell metabolism products is termed as Metabolomics. In particular, metabolomics is the systematic study of the unique chemical fingerprints that specific cellular processes leave behind the study of their metabolite profiles in small molecules. In this review we had covered that how metabolomics is being applied in plant biotechnology and in oncology and how its role had helped the research platform in data interpretation.