BackgroundOver the past 20 years evidence has accumulated confirming the immunomodulatory role of the appendix in ulcerative colitis (UC). This led to the idea that appendectomy might alter the clinical course of established UC. The objective of this body of research is to evaluate the short-term and medium-term efficacy of appendectomy to maintain remission in patients with UC, and to establish the acceptability and cost-effectiveness of the intervention compared to standard treatment.Methods/DesignThese paired phase III multicenter prospective randomised studies will include patients over 18 years of age with an established diagnosis of ulcerative colitis and a disease relapse within 12 months prior to randomisation. Patients need to have been medically treated until complete clinical (Mayo score <3) and endoscopic (Mayo score 0 or 1) remission. Patients will then be randomised 1:1 to a control group (maintenance 5-ASA treatment, no appendectomy) or elective laparoscopic appendectomy plus maintenance treatment. The primary outcome measure is the one year cumulative UC relapse rate - defined both clinically and endoscopically as a total Mayo-score ≥5 with endoscopic subscore of 2 or 3. Secondary outcomes that will be assessed include the number of relapses per patient at 12 months, the time to first relapse, health related quality of life and treatment costs, and number of colectomies in each arm.DiscussionThe ACCURE and ACCURE-UK trials will provide evidence on the role and acceptability of appendectomy in the treatment of ulcerative colitis and the effects of appendectomy on the disease course.Trial registrationNTR2883; ISRCTN56523019

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An upward inflection in core temperature at 36°C only occurred in 2 participants with fans but in 7 participants without fans (RH, 84%; 95% CI, 80%-88%). At 42°C, the core temperature inflection occurred at a higher RH with fans (55%; 95% CI, 51%-59%) than without fans (48%; 95% CI, 42%-54%) (P = .04; Figure 2). Whole-body sweat rate was greater at 36°C with fans (180 g/h; 95% CI, 173-187 g/h) than without fans (153 g/h; 95% CI, 140-165 g/h) (P = .01) and at 42°C (399 g/h [95% CI, 381-417 g/h] vs 241 g/h [95% CI, 209-273 g/h], respectively) (P < .001).Discussion | Our preliminary study is the first, to our knowledge, to demonstrate that electric fans prevent heat-related elevations in HR and core temperature in healthy young men up to approximately 80% RH at 36°C and 50% RH at 42°C. Thus, contrary to existing guidance, 3,4 fans may be effective cooling devices for those without air conditioning during hot and humid periods.Only young participants were assessed, so critical RH values must be derived for other populations (eg, elderly with comorbidities) and those with diminished sweat production. However, sweat rates measured with fans were lower than values previously reported to be achievable in healthy 70-year-old adults (440 g/h). 6 Advice to the public to stop using fans during heat waves may need to be reevaluated.

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