Soltani, N., Blackshaw, R. E., Gulden, R.H., Gillard, C. L., Shropshire, C. and Sikkema, P. H. 2013. Desiccation in dry edible beans with various herbicides. Can. J. Plant Sci. 93: 871–877. There is little information available on the effect of diquat, carfentrazone-ethyl, glufosinate ammonium, flumioxazin and saflufenacil applied alone or in tankmix combination with glyphosate as harvest aids in dry bean production under environmental conditions of the various production regions in Canada. A total of 11 field trials were conducted over a 3-yr period (2010, 2011, 2012) at Exeter, Ontario, Carman, Manitoba, and Lethbridge, Alberta, to evaluate various harvest-aid herbicides in dry bean. Comparison of leaf, pod and stem visual dry down at 4 and 8 d after desiccation application (DAA) indicated that adding a tankmix partner to glyphosate increased visual dry down of leaf, pod and stem 17, 10 and 15% at 4 DAA and 20, 17 and 14% at 8 DAA, respectively. At 8 DAA, glyphosate (450 or 900 g a.e. ha−1), diquat, glufosinate ammonium, carfentrazone-ethyl, flumioxazin and saflufenacil provided 13–58, 65–80, 64–71, 12–34, 36–52 and 41–73% dry down of the dominant weeds (AMARE, AMBEL, CHEAL and SETVI), respectively. Diquat, glufosinate ammonium, carfentrazone-ethyl, flumioxazin and saflufenacil tankmixed with glyphosate (450 or 900 g a.e. ha−1) provided 67–77, 65–71, 22–62, 45–69 and 44–74% weed dry down, respectively. Dry bean yield was not reduced with any of the desiccation treatments. Among desiccant treatments that provided consistent desiccation of dry bean and weeds, saflufenacil had the least environmental impact followed by flumioxazin, glufosinate ammonium and then diquat. Based on this study, diquat, glufosinate ammonium, flumioxazin and saflufenacil alone or in combination with glyphosate (450 or 900 g a.e. ha−1) provide consistent desiccation of weeds and dry bean.

Soltani, N., Shropshire, C. and Sikkema, P. H. 2012. Response of dry beans to halosulfuron applied postemergence. Can. J. Plant Sci. 92: 723–728. Four field trials were conducted over a 2-yr period (2009 and 2010) at Exeter and Ridgetown, Ontario, to evaluate the tolerance of adzuki, black, cranberry, kidney, otebo, pinto, Small Red Mexican and white beans to halosulfuron applied postemergence (POST) at 35 and 70 g a.i. ha−1. All treatments including the non-treated control were maintained weed free during the growing season. Halosulfuron applied POST caused as much as 73, 7, 13, 12, 12, 11, 11 and 9% injury in adzuki, black, cranberry, kidney, otebo, pinto, Small Red Mexican (SRM) and white beans, respectively. Halosulfuron applied POST reduced adzuki bean height as much as 52 and 70% at Exeter and Ridgetown, respectively. Plant height was not affected in the other market classes of dry bean evaluated. Halosulfuron POST reduced shoot dry weight of adzuki bean 68% at both rates evaluated. Otebo and SRM bean shoot dry weight were not affected when halosulfuron was applied POST at 35 g a.i. ha−1 but otebo bean shoot dry weight was reduced 12% and SRM bean shoot dry weight was reduced 14% at 70 g a.i. ha−1. Shoot dry weight of black, cranberry, kidney, pinto and white bean was not affected with either rate of halosulfuron. Seed yield of adzuki bean was decreased 58% at 35 g a.i. ha−1 and 68% at 70 g a.i. ha−1 with halosulfuron. White bean yield was not affected with halosulfuron applied POST at 35 g a.i. ha−1 but was reduced 9% at 70 g a.i. ha−1. Seed yield of black, cranberry, kidney, otebo, pinto and SRM bean was not reduced with either rate of halosulfuron. Based on these results, there is not an adequate margin of crop safety for halosulfuron POST in adzuki bean. However, there is potential for POST application of halosulfuron in black, cranberry, kidney, otebo, pinto, SRM and white beans.

Twelve field trials (five with PRE and seven with POST herbicides) were conducted over a 4-yr period (2006Á2009) on various Ontario farms with heavy giant ragweed infestations (22 plants m (2) to determine the effectiveness of preemergence (PRE) and postemergence (POST) herbicides for the control of giant ragweed in corn. Atrazine, dicamba, dicamba/atrazine, isoxaflutole plus atrazine, mesotrione plus atrazine, saflufenacil, and saflufenacil/dimethenamid applied PRE provided 9Á52, 60Á80, 64Á83, 44Á77, 33Á80, 36Á80, and 43Á63% control of giant ragweed, reduced giant ragweed

Soltani, N., Nurse, R. E., Shropshire, C. and Sikkema, P. H. 2015. Tolerance of adzuki bean to pre-emergence herbicides. Can. J. Plant Sci. 95: 959Á963. Limited pre-emergence herbicide options are available for weed management in adzuki bean in Ontario. Eight field trials were conducted in Ontario over a 3-yr period (2012, 2013, 2014) to evaluate the tolerance of adzuki bean to pyroxasulfone (150 and 300 g a.i. ha (1 ) applied pre-emergence. Pyroxasulfone, flumioxazin and sulfentrazone applied pre-emergence at the proposed 1 ) and 2 ) rates caused 25Á96% injury and reduced plant stand up to 78%, shoot dry weight up to 95%, plant height up to 67% and seed yield up to 76% in adzuki bean. Cloransulam-methyl resulted in 1 to 9% injury with no adverse effect on plant stand, shoot dry weight, plant height, seed moisture content and seed yield of adzuki bean. Fomesafen and imazethapyr resulted in 1Á3% injury with no adverse effect on plant stand, shoot dry weight, plant height, seed moisture content and seed yield of adzuki bean. Based on these results, pyroxasulfone, flumioxazin and sulfentrazone do not have an adequate margin of crop safety for weed management in adzuki bean. Cloransulam-methyl has potential for use in adzuki bean, especially at the lower rate. Imazethapyr and fomesafen at the rates evaluated can be used safely in adzuki bean production under Ontario environmental conditions. par hectare) applique´s avant la leve´e. L'application de pyroxasulfone, de flumioxazine et de sulfentrazone avant la leve´e al a dose recommande´e et au double de celle-ci cause de 25 a`96 % de dommages a`la culture et re´duit le peuplement de jusqu'a`78 %, le poids sec des pousses de jusqu'a`95 %, la taille du plant de jusqu'a`67 % et le rendement grainier de jusqu'a`76 %. Le cloransulam-me´thyl entraıˆne des dommages de un a`neuf pour cent sans que le peuplement, le poids sec des pousses, la taille du plant, la teneur en eau des graines et le rendement grainier du haricot adzuki s'en ressentent. Le fomesafen et l'imazethapyr engendrent des dommages de un a`trois pour cent, sans effet secondaire sur le peuplement, le poids sec des pousses, la taille du plant, la teneur en eau de la graine et le rendement grainier. D'apre`s ces re´sultats, la pyroxasulfone, la flumioxazine et la sulfentrazone ne pre´sentent pas de marge de se´curite´suffisante pour qu'on s'en serve contre les mauvaises herbes dans les champs de haricot adzuki. Le cloransulam-me´thyl pourrait eˆtre employe´comme de´sherbant, surtout au taux d'application le plus bas. L'imazethapyr et le fomesafen pourraient eˆtre utilise´s en toute se´curite´dans les cultures de haricot adzuki aux taux d'applications examine´s, dans les conditions qui pre´valent en Ontario.

Soltani, N., Shropshire, C. and Sikkema, P. H. 2011. Short Communication: Influence of manganese on efficacy of glyphosate in glyphosate-resistant soybean. Can. J. Plant Sci. 91: 1061–1064. Four field trials were conducted from 2007 to 2010 in Ontario to evaluate the effect of various manganese (Mn) formulations (Mn1, Ecoman 5% Mn; Mn2, MangaMax 5.5% Mn; Mn3, ManMax 5.5% Mn; Mn4, Superman 5% Mn; Mn5, Stoller This 5% Mn; Mn6, Nortrace 6% Mn-EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetate); Mn7, Nortrace 22% Mn and Mn8, WolfTrax 33% Mn) applied at 2.0 kg actual Mn ha−1 on glyphosate efficacy at 900 g a.e. ha−1 in glyphosate-resistant soybean. The tank mix of glyphosate plus Mn4, Mn6 or Mn8 caused as much as 6, 17 and 4% injury in soybean, respectively. There was minimal crop injury (0–1.4%) with other Mn tank mixes. The addition of Mn4 or Mn6 to glyphosate did not antagonize glyphosate efficacy on the weeds evaluated (AMARE, AMBEL, CHEAL and SETVI). The other Mn formulations antagonized glyphosate efficacy for the control of AMARE, AMBEL, CHEAL or SETVI under some environments. The addition of Mn3 or Mn6 to glyphosate reduced soybean yield as much as 15 and 10% compared with glyphosate alone, respectively. Based on these results, it is recommended that glyphosate and manganese applications be applied sequentially to avoid weed control antagonism and maximize soybean yield.