Cytochrome P450 and UDP-glucosyltransferase (UGT) as phase I and phase II metabolism enzymes, respectively, play vital roles in the breakdown of endobiotics and xenobiotics. Insects can increase the expression of detoxification enzymes to cope with the stress from xenobiotics including insecticides. However, the molecular mechanisms for insecticide detoxification in Spodoptera exigua remain elusive, and the genes conferring insecticide metabolisms in this species are less well reported. In this study, 68 P450 and 32 UGT genes were identified. Phylogenetic analysis showed gene expansions in CYP3 and CYP4 clans of P450 genes and UGT33 family of this pest. P450 and UGT genes exhibited specific tissue expression patterns. Insecticide treatments in fat body cells of S. exigua revealed that the expression levels of P450 and UGT genes were significantly influenced by challenges of abamectin, lambda-cyhalothrin, chlorantraniliprole, metaflumizone and indoxacarb. Multiple genes for detoxification were affected in expression levels after insecticide exposures. The results demonstrated that lambda-cyhalothrin, chlorantraniliprole, metaflumizone and indoxacarb induced similar responses in the expression of P450 and UGT genes in fat body cells; eight P450 genes and four UGT genes were co-up-regulated significantly, and no or only a few CYP/UGT genes were down-regulated significantly by these four insecticides. However, abamectin triggered a distinct response for P450 and UGT gene expression; more P450 and UGT genes were down-regulated by abamectin than by the other four compounds. In conclusion, P450 and UGT genes from S. exigua were identified, and different responses to abamectin suggest a different mechanism for insecticide detoxification.

A novel supramolecular framework featuring aluminosilicate Linde type A zeolite topology was assembled by using Fe4 coordination cages as building blocks.

Purpose To develop and validate a multivariable predictive nomogram to diagnose neonatal bacterial meningitis (NBM).Methods A retrospective study was conducted and neonates with positive blood culture were included. Infants were divided into training and validation set. A predictive nomogram was established according to finding of univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression. The diagnostic value was judged by receiver operating characteristic curves (ROC). ResultsAmong the 587 infants included finally, 177 of them developed NBM. Among training set (N=410), the incidence of abnormal temperature, seizure, bulging anterior fontanel were more common in NBM group (P<0.05). Higher of protein, WBC and lower glucose in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were found in NBM group (P<0.05). Bulging anterior fontanel, seizure, abnormal temperature, abnormal protein and WBC in CSF were considered as the independent predictors of NBM. A predictive nomogram was established, the C index was 0.89 and the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were 63.4%, 94.3%, 83.3%, and 84.6% in internal validation.The model was validated in validation set (N=177). And the C index was 0.93, and the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were 58.7%, 97.7%, 90.0%, and 87.1% in the validation set respectively in external validation. High score would increase the probability of NBM.ConclusionThe model including clinical manifestations had high potential diagnostic value in the prediction of NBM.

The teaching assistant program currently plays a common role in developing students' overall qualities. Through nuanced analysis based on cases from graduate teaching assistants at "Double First-Class" HEIs, this paper shows how graduate teaching assistant programs work from the perspective of program administration and personnel training. In order to iron out problems in the present training system, implications for optimizing the two-year GTA training program are also explored.