The studies concerning clinical implications of TET2 mutation in patients with primary acute myeloid leukemia (AML) are scarce. We analyzed TET2 mutation in 486 adult patients with primary AML. TET2 mutation occurred in 13.2% of our patients and was closely associated with older age, higher white blood cell and blast counts, lower platelet numbers, normal karyotype, intermediate-risk cytogenetics, isolated trisomy 8, NPM1 mutation, and ASXL1 mutation but mutually exclusive with IDH mutation. TET2 mutation is an unfavorable prognostic factor in patients with intermediate-risk cytogenetics, and its negative impact was further enhanced when the mutation was combined with FLT3-ITD, NPM1-wild, or unfavorable genotypes (other than NPM1 ؉ /FLT3-ITD ؊ or CEBPA ؉ ). A scoring system integrating TET2 mutation with FLT3-ITD, NPM1, and CEBPA mutations could well separate AML patients with intermediate-risk cytogenetics into 4 groups with different prognoses (P < .0001). Sequential analysis revealed that TET2 mutation detected at diagnosis was frequently lost at relapse; rarely, the mutation was acquired at relapse in those without TET2 mutation at diagnosis. In conclusion, TET2 mutation is associated with poor prognosis in AML patients with intermediate-risk cytogenetics, especially when it is combined with other adverse molecular markers. TET2 mutation appeared to be unstable during disease evolution. (Blood. 2011;118(14): 3803-3810)

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Information on the turbulent fluxes of momentum, latent heat, and sensible heat at the air-sea interface is essential in improving model simulations of climate variations and in climate studies. A 13.5-yr (July 1987-December 2000) dataset of daily surface turbulent fluxes over global oceans has been derived from the Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) radiance measurements. This dataset, Goddard Satellite-based Surface Turbulent Fluxes, version 2 (GSSTF2), has a spatial resolution of 1Њ ϫ 1Њ latitude-longitude and a temporal resolution of 1 day. Turbulent fluxes are derived from the SSM/I surface winds and surface air humidity, as well as the 2-m air and sea surface temperatures (SST) of the NCEP-NCAR reanalysis, using a bulk aerodynamic algorithm based on the surface layer similarity theory. The GSSTF2 bulk flux model is validated by comparing hourly turbulent fluxes computed from ship data using the model with those observed fluxes of 10 field experiments over the tropical and midlatitude oceans during 1991-99. In addition, the GSSTF2 daily wind stress, latent heat flux, wind speed, surface air humidity, and SST compare reasonably well with those of the collocated measurements of the field experiments. The global distributions of 1988-2000 annual-and seasonal-mean turbulent fluxes show reasonable patterns related to the atmospheric general circulation and seasonal variations. Zonal averages of latent heat fluxes and input parameters over global oceans during 1992-93 have been compared among several flux datasets: GSSTF1 (version 1), GSSTF2, the Hamburg Ocean-Atmosphere Parameters and Fluxes from Satellite Data (HOAPS), NCEP-NCAR reanalysis, and one based on the Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set (COADS). Significant differences are found among the five. These analyses suggest that the GSSTF2 latent heat flux, surface air humidity, and winds are likely to be more realistic than the other four flux datasets examined, although those of GSSTF2 are still subject to regional biases. The GSSTF2 is useful for climate studies and has been submitted to the sea surface turbulent flux project (SEAFLUX) for intercomparison studies.

Satellite-based datasets of surface turbulent fluxes over the global oceans are being evaluated and improved.O cean surface fluxes of heat, moisture, and momentum observed during field experiments show strong variability on temporal scales that range from the diurnal cycle to the life cycle of storms, and on spatial scales as small as that of an individual convective cloud. High-frequency variability (e.g., diurnal, storm scale) in tropical air-sea fluxes has been hypothesized to influence intraseasonal and interannual variability of the monsoon (e.g., Webster et al. 1998) and the Pacific Ocean warm pool and El Nino (e.g., Sui and Lau 1997;Fasullo and Webster 2000). At high latitudes, large variations in surface fluxes and sea surface temperature are seen in response to storms, which impact the temperature, density, and mixing in the upper ocean, further influencing the atmospheric dynamics and thermodynamics. Storm-scale events have been hypothesized (e.g., Marshall et al. 1998;Nardelli and Salusti 2000) to be associated with ocean convection in the high-latitude water mass formation regions, contributing to deep water formation and the global ocean thermohaline circulation. Ocean mixing induced by tropical cyclones might play an important role in driving the global ocean thermohaline circulation and, thereby,

A method has been developed to estimate daily surface fluxes of momentum and sensible and latent heat over the global oceans using a stability-dependent bulk scheme. Daily fluxes are computed from daily values of special sensor microwave imager (SSM/I) surface winds, SSM/I surface humidity, National Centers for Environmental Prediction sea surface temperatures (SSTs), and European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (SSTs minus 2-m temperatures). Daily surface specific humidity is estimated from the SSM/I water vapor for an atmospheric column and the lower 500 m of the planetary boundary layer, using the method of Chou et al. [1995] with two modifications for the extratropical oceans. The modified method is described using two simple equations. Gustiness parameterization for the weak winds and convective situations is found to have an insignificant impact on the air-sea fluxes derived from the SSM/I data and hence is not included. The SSM/I-radiosonde comparison (over the global oceans for the entire annual cycle of 1993) shows that for a 25-km resolution the instantaneous SSM/I surface humidity has a root-mean-square (rms) difference of 1.83 g kg -1. Daily SSM/I latent heat fluxes (and wind stresses) agree well with the flux measurements over the western Pacific warm pool, with a bias of 6.2 W m -2 (0.0061 N m-2), an rms difference of 29.0 W m -2 (0.0187 N m-2), and a correlation of 0.83 (0.86). Monthly results of February and August 1993 show that the patterns and seasonal variabilities of the SSM/I surface humidity, latent, and sensible heat fluxes are generally in good agreement with those of the Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set (COADS) and climatologies derived from ship measurements. The SSM/I sensible heat flux is generally within _ 10 W m -2 of COADS. However, the SSM/I latent heat flux is generally larger, especially over the wintertime trade wind belts. The result is consistent with previous climatological studies in that the latent heat fluxes based on ship measurements are systematically underestimated. 12,705 12,706 CHOU ET AL.: AIR-SEA FLUXES RETRIEVED FROM SSM/I DATA the method. In this study, we analyze these two humidity modifications and impacts. Chou et al. [1995] estimated daily air-sea fluxes over the global oceans from SSM/I data using a stability-dependent bulk scheme. Daily latent heat fluxes were computed from daily values of SSM/I 10-m wind speeds, SSM/I surface (10 m) humidity, and saturation specific humidity of National Center for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) SSTs. Daily sensible heat fluxes were computed from daily values of SSM/I 10-m wind speeds, NCEP SSTs, and 10-m temperatures interpolated (dry adiabatically) from the daily European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) 2-m temperatures. In this paper we improve the retrieval of sensible heat flux by using the SST minus 2-m temperature of ECMWF together with different reference heights for wind speed, temperature, and humidity in the bulk scheme. Compared to the original adiabatic approach, this modifi...