This article describes a new Chinese Elicited Imitation Test (EIT) andreports on a study that investigated the degree to which it functions as a tool that can be used in second language acquisition research to gauge global second language (L2) oral proficiency. Eighty L2 Chinese learners, sampled from two university curricular levels so as to represent high and low linguistic abilities and including both heritage and foreign language learners, participated in the study by completing the EIT as well as an oral narrative task and a background questionnaire. The results suggest that the new Chinese EIT can help measure overall oral linguistic proficiency in L2 Chinese for a variety of research purposes.

No abstract

Social enterprises, as typical hybrid organisations, are embedded in a plural institutional environment in which some stakeholders regard achieving social goals as fundamental, while others see economic profit as the priority. A great challenge for social enterprises is dealing with the conflicts resulting from the diverse expectations of stakeholders. Based on the existing works on organisational legitimacy and the social business model, we propose a legitimacy-based social enterprise model composed of three main phases, namely, legitimacy proposition, legitimacy strategy planning, and legitimacy strategy implementation. Our model is meant to serve as an effective legitimacy-building tool for social enterprises of various kinds.

Purpose -In recent years, electronic resources have become the library's important storage of a university library, and the fund purchased electronic resources also increased quickly, year after year. In order to find out the readers' present conditions, difficulties and requirement of using e-recourses, The Library of Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, carried out sampling, questioning and investigating of all teachers and students at campus. The purpose of this paper is to present the findings of this investigation. Design/methodology/approach -The investigation was carried out in 206.3 at the campus, and the investigative target involves teachers, scientific staff, gadre, graduate students, scientific staff, undergraduate students, and some training students, from 15 institutes in the whole university. It centers on seven subjects, deigns 24 question and 155 selective answers, and everyone is multilateral, 1,000 questionnaires were sent out, 909 reclaimed. The ratio is 90.9 percent. Findings -The investigative result shows that: nearly half of the readers investigated are satisfied with e-resources of our university. At present, the main way that reader's obtained rebases or literature is from traditional library storage. This illustrated that the printing literature obtained important functions. The e-book does not substitute the traditional printed book. The construction of library storage should advocate the printed one. Readers selecting the printed and e-book occupy the greatest majority. This shows that the two type of literature are not completely substituted, only mutually supple. The way readers liked obtaining information is to skim the homepage of the library. This indicated the homepage had become the important window to give publicity and serve the outside. It also shows the use of reading on screen, non-familiarizing the structure and the retrieval method. Showing that the net condition and computer facilities are the main external factors. Research limitations/implications -This paper analyses the consciousness of using e-resources, and the ability of obtaining literature for university readers, by investigating some readers' utility of e-resources at Shaanxi University of Science and Technology. Therefore the readers' range is limited. Practical implications -In this paper the result from one side reflects every unit and layer personnel's utilizing condition and difficulty of e-literature at the whole university. By investigating and analyzing, the work emphasis of the library is defined. Originality/value -The investigating table does not only look into some teachers and students' utilizing condition, and readers' opinions and proposing to use the library's, but also obtains the disseminated fanfaron to all people using the library. By angling the result, it supplies theoretic foundation of e-resources' order, storage's construction, readers' serve, etc.

The present study adopted a cognitive linguistic framework—Talmy's (1985, 1991, 2000) typological classification of motion events—to investigate how second‐language (L2) Chinese learners come to express motion events in a targetlike manner. Fifty‐five U.S. university students and 20 native speakers of Chinese participated in the study. A controlled composition task and a picture‐cued written task were administered to elicit learners’ knowledge and degree of mastery of Chinese spatial morphemes, also known as directional complements (DCs). Analysis of learners’ interlanguage data shows that the difficulties came from the syntactic complexity of the target DC patterns and from the typological features of Chinese as a serial‐verb language. The dual functions of DCs as path satellites and as independent verbs posed considerable difficulty for the learners whose first language (L1), English, encodes path by means of satellites only. Based on the results, a developmental order of mastery of L2 Chinese DCs is proposed. The study illuminates areas of difficulty in adjusting to the L2 thinking‐for‐speaking patterns (Cadierno, 2004, 2008; Slobin, 1996a) that arise when differences in spatial categorization and in conventionalized ways of path encoding exist between the L1 and L2.