With the deepening of research on entrepreneurial activity motivation, academic discourse has been cognizant of the incompleteness of macro-contextual factors and micro-personality in explaining entrepreneurship momentum. The interaction mechanism between context and potential nascent entrepreneurs has gradually become a theoretical hot spot in the 21st century. This article aims to elaborate on the emerging debate about perceptual factors of entrepreneurship and identify salient perceptual enablers of entrepreneurial activities for global nascent entrepreneurs. In order to bring empirical breakthroughs to the table, this article employs nascent entrepreneurial activity data of more than 50 countries from 2011 to 2019 gathered by Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM). The author built a pooled cross-sectional dataset to unveil the perceptual determinants shared by new entrepreneurs worldwide and employed pooled OLS regression. The study confirms the significant positive influence of the 'perceived opportunity' (PO), 'perceived capability' (PC), and 'immersion in entrepreneurial culture/social norm' (CSN) and negative influence of 'fear of failure' (FF) on national entrepreneurial activity. This empirical article is a prompt exploration of entrepreneurial enablers. Among the existing empirical milestones, few attempts mentioned shared perceptual needs among entrepreneurs on various continents. This paper introduces an emerging cross-national variable structure grounded on existing conceptual elements. It contributes to corresponding knowledge by updating the time span/contextual background, expands the scope of theory applicability, and recommends an inclusive environment practically. When reflecting on the entrepreneurship context and policies, this research can serve as a priori insights for evaluating entrepreneurial support and proffer 'perceptual criteria' for comparison between cross-national policies.

Purpose For the developed economies in Europe, to which refugees move, and as refugees’ enterprising expectations evolve, emerging cognitive factors have become closely intertwined with their post-arrival encounters. However, the link between refugees’ social cognition and entrepreneurship commitment tends to be overlooked. This paper aims to join the international debates regarding cognitions of refugee entrepreneurship and explain the bewildering effects of refugees’ social cognitive dissonance on refugee business support. Design/methodology/approach This paper reviews the extant knowledge of refugee entrepreneurship and refugee business support. It synthesizes the literature on cognitive dissonance, multiple embeddedness and hospitality to inform a conceptual model and explain the ramifications of refugees’ entrepreneurial cognition on refugee business support and how public attitudes in the destination transform accordingly. Findings This paper illustrates the prevalent imbalance between the provision of support and refugees’ anticipations in developed economies. A conceptual toolkit is framed to disclose the succeeding influence of cognitive dissonance on the performances of refugee business support. This framework indicates that the cognitive dissonance could elicit heterogeneous aftermath of refugee business support service, resulting in a deteriorated/ameliorated hospitality context. Originality/value This conceptual toolkit unfolds cognitive ingredients in the refugee entrepreneurship journey, providing a framework for understanding refugee business support and the formation of hospitality under cognitive dissonance. Practically, it is conducive to policymakers nurturing rational refugee anticipation, enacting inclusive business support and enhancing hospitality in the host country.

It has long been assumed that entrepreneurship has significant social and economic benefits, including the creation of jobs. Based on the literature, however, small businesses have often had difficulty expanding to recruit and even surviving due to their plight. In spite of this, little is known about how institutional factors facilitate and constrain the path from entrepreneurial intention to create jobs. Therefore, we develop and test a moderated mediation model to examine how the government's policymaking and national entrepreneurship culture regulate entrepreneurship-based job creation. With the Adult population survey and the National expert survey of the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM), this study compiled 417 observations from 39 European and North American countries between 2002 and 2020. We prove the partial mediation effect of entrepreneurial behaviour on the relationship between individuals' entrepreneurial intention and job creation. The findings of our study suggest that institutional changes should be mobilised to relieve the pressures on small business owners instead of residing on size-neutral approaches. Furthermore, a progressive, contextually based entrepreneurial culture serves as a critical stimulant to the growth of latent entrepreneurs and early-stage start-ups. Therefore, the study not only describes a new path that underpins entrepreneurship-based job creation, but also highlights a new motive for necessary institutional change.