Cancer prognosis depends on the early detection of the disease. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have attracted much importance in biomedical research due to their distinctive optical properties. The AuNPs are easy to fabricate, biocompatible, surface controlled, stable, and have surface plasmonic properties. The AuNPs based optical biosensors can intensely improve the sensitivity, specificity, resolution, penetration depth, contrast, and speed of these devices. The key optical features of the AuNPs based biosensors include localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR), SERS, and luminescence. AuNPs based biomarkers have the potential to sense the protein biomarkers at a low detection level. In this review, the fabrication techniques of the AuNPs have been reviewed. The optical biosensors based on LSPR, SERS, and luminescence are also evaluated. The application of these biosensors for cancer protein detection is discussed. Distinct examples of cancer research that have a substantial impact on both scientific and clinical research are presented.

The current study tried to uncover the molecular mechanism of E3 ubiquitin ligase F-box and WD repeat domain-containing 7 (FBW7) in a heritable autoimmune disease, type I diabetes (T1D). After streptozotocin-induced T1D model establishment in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse, the protein expression of FBW7, enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), and Zinc finger and BTB domain containing 16 (ZBTB16) was quantified. Next, splenocytes and pancreatic beta cells were isolated to measure the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in splenocytes, as well as islet beta-cell apoptosis. Additionally, the stability of EZH2 induced by FBW7 was analyzed by cycloheximide chase assay. The binding affinity of FBW7 and EZH2 and the consequence of ubiquitination were monitored by co-immunoprecipitation assay. Last, a chromatin immunoprecipitation assay was employed to analyze the accumulation of EZH2 and H3K27me3 at the ZBTB16 promoter region. Our study demonstrated downregulated FBW7 and ZBTB16 and upregulated EZH2 in diabetic NOD mice. Overexpression of FBW7 in the NOD mice inhibited pro-inflammatory cytokine release in the splenocytes and the apoptosis of islets beta cells. FBW7 destabilized EZH2 and accelerated ubiquitin-dependent degradation. EZH2 and H3K27me3 downregulated the ZBTB16 expression by accumulating in the ZBTB16 promoter and methylation. FBW7 upregulates the expression of ZBTB16 by targeting histone methyltransferase EZH2 thus reducing the occurrence of T1D.

Aims and ObjectivesReview the content, quality and effect of breast cancer screening decision aids (BCS‐DAs) in women approximately 50 years of age to provide a basis for the development of DAs.BackgroundBreast cancer screening (BCS) decisions are complex and should vary depending on a woman's risk of breast cancer and her values and preferences. Decision aids (DAs) can help support women and medical staff in shared decision‐making (SDM) when solving BCS problems.DesignSystematic review and meta‐analysis.MethodsFour databases were searched starting at the time of establishment of the database to March 2021. The PRISMA checklist was followed. The meta‐analysis was carried out using Review Manager 5.3 software. The quality of the studies was assessed using the risk of bias tool recommended by the Cochrane Handbook. The quality of the DAs was assessed using the International Standards for Decision Aid (IPDASi v4.0).ResultsThe search strategy obtained 2024 references. After abstraction and full text screening, a total of seven studies were included. This article systematically reviews the content, quality and effectiveness of DAs in seven RCTs in helping women to make BCS decisions. The DAs were mostly in paper or online form and displayed disease screening information, analysed the benefits and harms of options and clarified the value to patients. Among all the DAs, only one met the minimum quality standards of IPDASi v4.0. Comprehensive analysis shows that DAs can significantly improve knowledge and increase the proportion of women who make informed choices, but they have no effect on screening attitude, intention, decision conflict or regret.ConclusionsIn the future, nurses should be encouraged to develop DAs in accordance with strict standards and to make them applicable to young women of different backgrounds.Relevance to clinical practiceThe result may be provide a basis for the development of DAs to promote women's informed screening choices.