Tourism research has placed considerable emphasis on the pandemic and its impact, which is not surprising given the impact of the pandemic on tourism. However, what specifically do tourism scholars write about the pandemic and its consequences for tourism? What new insights does the literature on COVID-19 provide to guide our practice in sustainable tourism? The pandemic can be seen as a sustainability challenge. Dealing with the pandemic and other sustainability challenges like climate change will not require exactly the same remedies, but the same kind, building resilience, adaptivity, flexibility, collaboration, and co-creation. We thus argue that the literature on tourism and the pandemic may function as a “thermometer” of the way scholars view sustainability and tourism, and that exploring this literature gives us a space to reconsider our understanding of sustainable tourism. Therefore, we have conducted a literature review of the COVID-19 literature on tourism in 2020. A total of 87 articles, in 17 journals, from 4 databases were analyzed to explore how current scholars perceive COVID-19 and tourism, in light of sustainability perspectives. As a result, through the content analysis, this study has found six leading themes in COVID-19 and tourism and has provided valuable information with descriptive statistical analysis for its distributions by theory, methodology, and study area.

Globular proteins are usually in equilibrium with unfolded conformations, whereas kinetically stable proteins (KSPs) are conformationally trapped by their high unfolding transition state energy. Kinetic stability (KS) could allow proteins to maintain their activity under harsh conditions, increase a protein's half-life, or protect against misfolding-aggregation. Here we show the development of a simple method for quantifying a protein's KS that involves incubating a protein in SDS at high temperature as a function of time, running the unheated samples on SDS-PAGE, and quantifying the bands to determine the time-dependent loss of a protein's SDS resistance. Six diverse proteins, including two monomer, two dimers, and two tetramers, were studied by this method, and the kinetics of the loss of SDS resistance correlated linearly with their unfolding rate determined by circular dichroism. These results imply that the mechanism by which SDS denatures proteins involves conformational trapping, with a trapping rate that is determined and limited by the rate of protein unfolding. We applied the SDS trapping of proteins (S-TraP) method to superoxide dismutase (SOD) and transthyretin (TTR), which are highly KSPs with native unfolding rates that are difficult to measure by conventional spectroscopic methods. A combination of S-TraP experiments between 75 and 90 °C combined with Eyring plot analysis yielded an unfolding half-life of 70 ± 37 and 18 ± 6 days at 37 °C for SOD and TTR, respectively. The S-TraP method shown here is extremely accessible, sample-efficient, cost-effective, compatible with impure or complex samples, and will be useful for exploring the biological and pathological roles of kinetic stability.

A large body of evidence suggests that sustainable destination development (SDD) is not only multidisciplinary but interdisciplinary as its research involves the integration of knowledge, methods, theories or disciplines. The word inter- is a “dangerous” one as it implies a “dangerous connection” attempting to reconcile irreconcilable people (i.e., North institutions and South institutions), but it is also very inclusive as, for example, economic behavior is related to social background and cultural issues. Although a common view is that SDD is interdisciplinary, what disciplines does it cross exactly? With the attendant “semantic confusion”, research on SDD is working in different directions, but what exactly does the existing research take as its object of study? What are the leading themes and perspectives in the field? How do we evaluate these diversification efforts? Trying to add one more seems redundant. We believe that after nearly two decades of productive scholarship, it is now time to try to identify some potential paradigms in SDD. A content-analysis-based literature review to explore previous studies is undoubted of value, as these diverse efforts point to current trends in SDD research. Therefore, we conducted an exploratory and descriptive analysis of the literature on SDD from 2015–2020 to provide specific indications for its interdisciplinary character. As a result, a total of 175 articles in 31 crucial journals from 2015 to 2020 are reviewed. Based on content analysis, five leading themes and five leading perspectives in the SDD literature were identified. We adopted an immanent critique method to discuss our findings. We appeal for consensus instead of definition and balance instead of choice in the discourse of SDD. We suggest ways in which past academic research can be used smartly and point out some important but neglected areas to stimulate a more creative research production.

Climate warming leads to great opportunities and difficulties for travel agencies. In order to promote the development of travel agencies in the new situation, this paper studies the digital innovation strategy of travel agencies to deal with climate warming. Through in-depth interviews with 13 travel agencies, the impact of climate warming on travel agencies was discussed from multiple perspectives. Investigate the digital innovation response strategies of this group under the influence of climate warming on tourism, analyze and try to give travel agencies' digital innovation strategies to respond to climate warming. In order to provide some help for the sustainable development of travel agencies.