Introduction: Junk food is a pejorative term for cheap food containing high levels of calories from sugar or fat with little fibre, protein, vitamins or minerals. This study was conducted to assess the junk food consumption and patterns of consumed junk food among secondary level students.Material and Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional research. Hundred forty-two respondents were drawn by using cluster sampling method. Self-administered semi-structured questionnaire in Nepali Version was used and the collected data was entered and analysed in Epi-data and SPSS Version 20 by using simple statistical methods.Results: The findings revealed that more girls (53.5%) consumed junk food than boys (79.6%) and those respondents were aware of the meaning of junk food. Majority of respondents (90.1%) preferred junk food for taste, is faster to prepare (44.4%), preferred as influenced by TV advertisements (15.5%), because of peer influences (31.7%) and some (29.6%) respondents preferred junk food because nothing else was available. Concerning patterns of consumed junk food all respondents (100%) consumed ‘chat-pat’ and noodles, panipuri (97.2%), doughnuts (93%), chocolates (92.3%), biscuits (95.8%), ice cream (65.5%) and cold drinks (65.5%). Only 54.2% of respondents were aware of risks associated with poor eating habits.Conclusion: Adolescents consumed a greater amount of junk food which led to a majority of ill effects later on. It is recommended that the school and community conduct and implement awareness programme on junk food consumption and its ill effects.

Introduction. Obesity has been reported to be linked with menstrual abnormalities including abnormality in cycle length, duration, and period blood loss. However, which anthropometric parameter is a better marker of menstrual abnormality is yet unknown. This study aims to explore the association of BMI, waist-hip ratio (WHR), and waist-height ratio (WHtR) with menstrual abnormalities. Methods. This was a cross-sectional study conducted among 240 nursing students on two nursing campuses of Nepal. Demographic and menstrual characteristics related data were collected from the participants via the face-to-face interview technique followed by anthropometric measurements. Binary logistic regression was used to study the association of BMI, WHR, and WHtR with menstrual characteristics. Univariable and multivariable regression models were calculated at 95% confidence interval and a P value of 0.05 using a Statistical Package for Social Sciences, IBM SPSS® v21 (IBM, Armonk, New York). Results. Out of 240 participants, 52 participants (21.67%) were underweight (<18.5 kg/m2), and 47 participants (19.58%) were either overweight (≥23 kg/m2) or obese (≥25 kg/m2). Overweight and obese BMI was associated with abnormality in menstrual cycle length (AOR = 4.24; 95% CI = 1.77–10.17), duration of the menstrual period (AOR = 2.52; 95% CI = 1.09–5.81), and periodic menstrual blood loss (AOR = 9.04; 95% CI = 3.55–23.01). Increase in WHtR (>0.5) was associated with abnormal cycle length (AOR = 3.09; 95% CI = 1.09–8.80) and abnormal period duration (AOR = 3.05; 95% CI = 1.10–8.44). An increase in WHR (>0.8) was associated with abnormal cyclical menstrual blood loss (AOR = 4.93; 95% CI = 1.55–15.71). Conclusions. Obesity predisposes to menstrual irregularities. BMI is a better predictor of menstrual irregularity as the increase in BMI is associated with abnormality in menstrual cycle length, period duration, and blood loss. Increased WHR was associated with periodic blood loss only. Increased WHtR was associated with abnormal cycle length and period duration, but not menstrual blood loss.

Contributions of fish diet in the daily lifestyles for nutritional security of children are examined through trend analysis and individual questionnaire provided to the caretaker of children's group of 5 to 13 years, to address the issues of fish dishes, preferences, and nutritional awareness. The per capita fish consumption per person in Nepal is about 3.36 kg as compared to the world 19 kg and least developing countries 11kg. The pond aquaculture was most prominently carried with 95.5% pond area located where 2.48% in hills and only 0.39% in the mountain. People's preference for dishes is also one of the major factors to determine the choice for the fish variety as a commodity. Among different dishes, fried fish (91.2%), fish pakauda (50%), fish gravy (41.4%) were the three most preferred for the children of the age group of 5 to 13. Multiple regressions were run to find out the significance level of difference in nutrient availability among the prepared dishes. Rainbow trout, Tilapia, and Pangasius are the emerging fish species and the nutrient levels of cooked fish may vary; therefore, protein and calcium level of cooked fish’s proximate analysis was done. This showed that the protein content of Tilapia was low compared to cooked Trout and Pangasius, however, the level of calcium was higher in Tilapia than the Trout and Pangasius. The occurrence of a thin spine in the food was the major problem for the children, therefore, to increase fish consumption whole fish meat paste milling machine is recommended. Int. J. Soc. Sc. Manage. Vol. 7, Issue-4: 198-201

Background: COVID-19 is an emerging disease that has been creating global havoc. Since it was a newly emerged disease, only a little information was known at the initial phase. Later, correct information and prevention measures were provided throughout the globe via a different outlet, but the prevailing myths and misconceptions still followed. Objective: To assess the role of mass media on knowledge and perception related to COVID-19 among the students. Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted to identify the role of mass media in shaping the knowledge and perception related to COVID-19 among the students of Bharatpur, Chitwan. Samples were selected by using a stratified random sampling method and data was collected by using self-administered structured questionnaires and IBM SPSS was used for analysis in descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: Out of the 103 respondents, 13.6% were male and 86.5% were females, 86.4 % were age more than 23years. Among which, 88.8% used mass media for obtaining information where 67.3% used it daily and the most preferable media was social media (70.4%). Similarly, 74.8% of respondents had fair knowledge, (15.5%) respondents had good knowledge, and 97.1% of the respondents had a positive perception regarding Covid-19. Respondent’s most preferable media (social media) was significantly associated with the level of knowledge of the respondents (p=0.047). Conclusion: The study concludes that the respondents had positive perceptions, but the knowledge level was more fair knowledge and very limited good knowledge, which signifies that there is still a need for awareness programs, campaigns, and other educational interventions.  Int. J. Soc. Sc. Manage. Vol. 9, Issue-2: 75-82.

COVID 19 is a newly recognized infectious disease that has rapidly spread with no verified treatment available. It is caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV-2). In Convalescent plasma therapy, the yellowish liquid or the plasma from the recovered blood is used to treat the patient suffering from the same illness. For more than 100 years it has been used to treat severe infections with varying degrees of success. For this present infection, multiple clinical trials on plasma therapy are still under vigorous investigations. Despite the very low chance of risks like allergies, lung damage, and transmission of blood-related infection, the therapy has shown a positive result in the recovery of the patients. Many experts are observing its use as a “stopgap measure” until effective vaccines and antiviral drugs are available in a wide range. However, the main challenges faced are finding suitable donors, its expensiveness in the whole procedure, and inability to perform on a large scale. In this commentary, summarization of the convalescent plasma therapy is done as a hopeful alternative therapy of severe or critical COVID 19. It has also emphasized the promising results shown since the past while the use of this therapy in various infectious diseases.