[1] Recently, against the backdrop of current climate, several regional studies have investigated the applicability of the Clausius-Clapeyron relation to the scaling relationship between extreme precipitation intensity and surface air temperature. Nevertheless, the temperature relationship of the extreme precipitation intensity on a global scale is still unclear. We assess, for the first time, the global relationship between the extreme daily precipitation intensity and the daily surface air temperature using in-situ data. The extreme daily precipitation intensity increased monotonically with the daily surface air temperature at high latitudes and decreased monotonically in the tropics. Similarly, the extreme daily precipitation intensity at middle latitudes increased at low temperatures and decreased at high temperatures; this decrease could be largely attributed to the decrease in the wet-event duration. The Clausius-Clapeyron scaling is applicable to the increase in the extreme daily precipitation intensity in a limited number of regions. However, the potential applicability of the Clausius-Clapeyron scaling on sub-hourly timescale was observed, even in regions where the Clausius-Clapeyron scaling on daily timescale was not applicable. This implies the potential of warming to intensify extreme precipitation on sub-hourly timescales.

This paper documents the production and validation of retrieved rainfall data obtained from satellite-borne microwave radiometers by the Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation (GSMaP) Project. Using various attributes of precipitation derived from Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite data, the GSMaP has implemented hydrometeor profiles derived from Precipitation Radar (PR), statistical rain/no-rain classification, and scattering algorithms using polarization-corrected temperatures (PCTs) at 85.5 and 37 GHz. Combined scattering-based surface rainfalls are computed depending on rainfall intensities. PCT85 is not used for stronger rainfalls, because strong depressions of PCT85 are related to tall precipitation-top heights. Therefore, for stronger rainfalls, PCT37 is used, with PCT85 used for weaker rainfalls. With the suspiciously strong rainfalls retrieved from PCT85 deleted, the combined rainfalls correspond well to the PR rain rates over land. The GSMaP algorithm for the TRMM Microwave Imager (TMI) is validated using the TRMM PR, ground radar [Kwajalein (KWAJ) radar and COBRA], and Radar Automated Meteorological Data Acquisition System (AMeDAS) precipitation analysis (RA). Monthly surface rainfalls retrieved from six microwave radiometers (GSMaP_MWR) are compared with the gauge-based dataset. Rain rates retrieved from the TMI (GSMaP_TMI) are in better agreement with the PR estimates over land everywhere except over tropical Africa in the boreal summer. Validation results of the KWAJ radar and COBRA show a good linear relationship for instantaneous rainfall rates, while validation around Japan using the RA shows a good relationship in the warm season. Poor results, connected to weakprecipitation cases, are found in the cold season around Japan.

Abstract-A precipitation retrieval algorithm is proposed for the Dual-frequency Precipitation> SUBMITTED TO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING < 3

Natural-abundance carbon-I 3 n.m.r. spectra of all the glucobioses and of four selected glucotrioses in aqueous solution have been measured and are discussed. Peak assignments were made on the basis of comparison with the spectra of methyl glucopyranosides, four mono-0-methylglucoses and five methyl glucobiosides. Carbon-I 3 n.m.r. spectroscopy proved to be a useful tool for stereochemical characterisation of these oligosaccharides. In addition, carbon-I 3 n.m.r. spectra of the a-limit dextrins from glycogen and amylopectin have been measured and the differences between them are discussed.SPECTROMETRIC methods (i.r.,l o.r.d.,2 and lH n.m.r.3~4) have been used for establishing the configuration of glycosidic linkages of oligosaccharides and polysaccharides. The Karplus equation in lH n.m.r. has been applied extensively in the structural studies of monosaccharide pyranose and furanose derivatives.5 Positions of linkage in oligosaccharides have been determined by chemical methods and by biochemical degradation.+lO Recently, the 13C n.m.r. spectra of monosaccharides 11,12 and some common oligosaccharides 13*14 have been published and interpreted. These reports show that 13C chemical shift differences in sugars could be explained in terms of steric hindrance and proximity effectsWe have already reported that 13C n.m.r. spectroscopy can be used for the determination of the anomeric configurations of glucobi~ses.~~ We now describe the application of 13C n.m.r. to the configurational and conformational analysis of glucose oligomers and polymers, as well as to the determination of their linkage positions. Some tentative assignments l5 arc corrected on the basis of further data reported here. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONIn 13C n.m.r. spectroscopy, it is difficult and laborious t o give a full peak assignment of sugar carbon atoms, although information from previous work has made it considerably ~imp1er.ll-l~ Roberts and his co-workers l1 showed that (a) methylation of a hydroxy-group effects