The differentiation programs of spermatogenesis and oogenesis are largely independent. In the early stages, however, the mechanisms partly overlap. Here we demonstrated that a germ-cell-specific basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor gene, Sohlh2, is required for early spermatogenesis and oogenesis. SOHLH2 was expressed in mouse spermatogonia from the undifferentiated stage through differentiation and in primordial-to-primary oocytes. Sohlh2-null mice, produced by gene targeting, showed both male and female sterility, owing to the disrupted differentiation of mature (KIT(+)) spermatogonia and oocytes. The Sohlh2-null mice also showed the downregulation of genes involved in spermatogenesis and oogenesis, including the Sohlh1 gene, which is essential for these processes. Furthermore, we showed that SOHLH2 and SOHLH1 could form heterodimers. These observations suggested that SOHLH2 might coordinate with SOHLH1 to control spermatogonial and oocyte genes, including Sohlh1, to promote the differentiation of KIT(+) germ cells in vivo. This study lays the foundation for further dissection of the bHLH network that regulates early spermatogenesis and oogenesis.

We recently reported that the Gtsf1/Cue110 gene, a member of the evolutionarily conserved UPF0224 family, is expressed predominantly in male germ cells, and that the GTSF1/CUE110 protein is localized to the cytoplasm of these cells in the adult testis. Here, to analyze the roles of the Gtsf1/Cue110 gene in spermatogenesis, we produced Gtsf1/Cue110-null mice by gene targeting. The Gtsf1/Cue110-null mice grew normally and appeared healthy; however, the males were sterile due to massive apoptotic death of their germ cells after postnatal day 14. In contrast, the null females were fertile. Detailed analyses revealed that the Gtsf1/Cue110-null male meiocytes ceased meiotic progression before the zygotene stage. Thus, the Gtsf1/Cue110 gene is essential for spermatogenesis beyond the early meiotic phase. Furthermore, the loss of the Gtsf1/Cue110 gene caused increased transcription of the long interspersed nucleotide element (Line-1) and the intracisternal A-particle (IAP) retrotransposons, accompanied by demethylation of their promoter regions. These observations indicate that Gtsf1/Cue110 is required for spermatogenesis and involved in retrotransposon suppression in male germ cells.

In a search for genes specifically expressed in mouse embryonic stem cells, we identified one we called Ces5. We found that it corresponded to the Ooep gene, which was recently reported to be expressed specifically in oocytes. Mouse Ces5/Ooep, also called Moep19 or Floped, encoded a 164-amino acid protein, which was detected in the cytoplasm of developing and mature oocytes and in embryos throughout the preimplantation period. To examine its function, we carried out targeted disruption of this gene. The Ces5/Ooep-null mice were grossly normal, but the females were infertile. Although the ovaries and ovulation appeared normal, the embryos from Ces5/Ooep-null females mated with wild-type males showed developmental arrest at the two- or four-cell stage. In addition, their first cleavage was considerably delayed and often asymmetrical. Thus, Ces5/Ooep is a maternal-effect gene. By electron microscopy, we found that the eggs from Ces5/Ooep-null females lacked oocyte cytoplasmic lattices (CPLs), which have long been predicted to function as a storage form for components that are maternally contributed to the early embryo. Further analysis showed that CES5/OOEP was directly associated with the CPLs. These results indicate that CES5/OOEP is an essential component of the CPLs and is required for embryonic development at the maternal-zygotic stage transition.

The authors previously established a transgenic mouse line in the type 1 diabetes model, NOD mouse, in which thioredoxin (TRX), a redox protein, is overexpressed in pancreatic beta cells, and found that TRX overexpression slows the progression of type 1 diabetes. Recent reports on type 2 diabetes suggest that oxidative stress also degrades the function of beta cells. To elucidate whether TRX overexpression can prevent progressive beta cell failure from oxidative stress in type 2 diabetes, the authors transferred the TRX transgene from the NOD mouse onto a mouse model of type 2 diabetes, the db/db mouse. The progression of hyperglycemia and the reduction of body weight gain and insulin content of the db/db mouse were significantly suppressed by the TRX expression. Furthermore, TRX suppressed the reduction of Pdx-1 and MafA expression in the beta cells, which may be one of the cellular mechanisms for protecting beta cells from losing their insulin-secreting capacity. These results showed that TRX can protect beta cells from destruction not only in type 1 but also in type 2 diabetes, and that they provide evidence that oxidative stress plays a crucial role in the deterioration of beta cell function during the progression of type 2 diabetes.

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