Role of Trichoderma species is well documented as antagonists as well as plant growth enhancers. Presently, the fungicidal potential of three Trichoderma species namely, T. koningii FCBP769 , T. viride FCBP904 , and T. harzianum FCBP1277 was assessed against Alternaria alternata that causes leaf necrotic spots of Syzygium cumini and broad range of other plants using 0, 15, 30, 45, 60 and 75% dilutions of filtrates. There was a significant reduction of around 40-95%, 22-86% and 52-91% in fungal biomass by T. koningii, T. viride and T. harzianum, respectively. In fractionation bioassays, Trichoderma metabolites were partitioned using organic solvents viz., n-butanol, n-hexane, chloroform and ethyl acetate. Antifungal activity at different concentrations 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 ppm was assessed against the pathogen. Ethyl acetate fraction of T. koningii extract displayed the most promising activity resulting in 10-90% suppression in biomass. In case of T. viride butanol fraction proved the most effective in retarding the growth of pathogen from 20 to 80%. While T. harzianum extract revealed 55-85% arrest in fungal biomass due to n-hexane fraction. Present study concludes that test Trichoderma species demonstrated a strong fungicidal activity against A. alternata. Current research offers the possibility of developing strategies for controlling pathogens with bioactive metabolites of Trichoderma.

PurposeThe aim of this study is to investigate the serially mediating effect of knowledge management (KM) practices (namely, knowledge creation, storage and sharing) on the organizational learning (OL) and organizational performance (OP) relationships during a crisis.Design/methodology/approachBased on theories-of-action, knowledge-based and resource-based theories, this study proposed a sequential mediation model where OL underlying mechanisms through which KM practices have facilitated OP during the crisis. The sample dataset contains 440 responses collected from the managers of the software development companies in Pakistan. The authors used Hayes Process macro with SPSS to test the study hypotheses.FindingsThe results of the study reveal that knowledge creation, storage and sharing serially mediate the relationships between OL and OP. These findings strengthen the argument suggesting that OL plays the key role in KM that helps software companies to mend their performance in times of crisis.Originality/valueThis study contributes to the KM literature in two ways: (1) grounded on the study's proposed framework, organizations can improve and manage their businesses in times of crisis and (2) learn how to generate new knowledge in response to business crises.

Background: Pediatric dysphagia is a common consequence of many structural and neurological problems after birth. In a Health care setting, Nurses can only screen out pediatric dysphagia if they had knowledge of swallowing difficulties Objective: To determine the impact of pediatric dysphagia awareness program among nurses.Study Design: A Quasi experimental study was conducted at Railway Hospital RawalpindiPlace and duration of study: Study was conducted at Railway hospital from January 2021till august 2021 Methods: The convenient sampling technique was used for data collection during the period of feb 2021 till may 2021. The nurses having working experience of more than two years in pediatric ward. The total sample size was n= 19, out of which n= 14 were females and n= 5 were males. The study was conducted in two phases .In 1st phase, questionnaire was developed and the content validity for items & content validity for scale was tabulated. In 2nd phase webinar of one hour was conducted and self- developed questionnaire was used for pre and post analysis. Analysis was done through SPSS 20.Results: Results of the current study indicates that, “There was a significant improvement in awareness of nurses about pediatric dysphagia after attending the webinar (96.055 + 11.8593) (117.227 +5.377, p<0.05).Conclusion: Research study concluded that an awareness programme about pediatric dysphagia improved the knowledge of nurses working with pediatric population. Keywords: Awareness Programme, Nurses, SLP, Pediatric Dysphagia