An existing clinical problem in Japan is the high prevalence of uncontrolled hypertension despite the availability of various effective therapies. Here, we analyzed survey data to gain insight into this paradox from physicians' perspectives, with results categorized according to specialty (i.e., with or without certification by the Japanese Society of Hypertension [JSH]), institution type, gender, and age. A web-based survey of typical educational activities for patients regarding hypertension management was conducted in Japan between October 19 and 31, 2017. Differences between physician groups were investigated per category. Survey results from 541 physicians were analyzed: 59 JSH certified (i.e., 'specialist') vs 482 non-JSH certified (i.e., 'nonspecialist') physicians; 192 general practitioners vs 349 hospital physicians; 500 males vs 41 females; and 178 younger (mean age: 40.7 years), 174 middle-aged (52.0 years) or 189 older (61.3 years) physicians. The most statistically significant differences between groups were observed in the category of physician specialty. Compared with nonspecialists, specialist physicians were more conscious of providing education on patient lifestyle modifications, more aware of patient-and physician-derived issues, and understood and followed the treatment guidelines. General practitioners cared more about the patient's burden than did hospital physicians. Younger physicians identified the need to incorporate the patient's perspective into their treatment. This analysis shows that the provision and perceptions of education differ between physician categories. Compared with specialist physicians, nonspecialists were less likely to provide adequate guidance on lifestyle modifications, possibly due to their uncertainty in understanding treatment guideline recommendations. Further education of nonspecialists on hypertension management may be warranted.

SBP) >140 mmHg and diastolic BP (DBP) >90 mmHg. 5 According to the JSH, the general target is to reduce SBP/ DBP to <140/90 mmHg, with normal BP classified as <120/80 mmHg. 5 Lifestyle modifications and antihypertensive drug therapy are 2 key approaches for the treatment of hypertension. 5 Lifestyle modifications include dietary changes, such as a reduction in salt intake, weight control, exercise, smoking cessation, and a reduction in alcohol consumption. 5 There are several antihypertensive drug classes that are currently in use, including calcium channel blockers (CCBs), angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs), angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, renin inhibitors, diuretics, and β-blockers. 5 The 2019 JSH guidelines recommend ARBs, CCBs, ACE inhibitors, and low-dose diuretics as first-line treatment for hypertension in Japan. 5 At the time of writing, 7 ARBs were available in Japan: azilsartan, candesartan cilexetil (CAN), irbesartan, losartan potassium (LOS), olmesartan medoxomil (OLM),

Introduction: To identify factors associated with treatment adherence and satisfaction in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) in Japan. Methods: A web-based questionnaire survey was conducted from 6 to 17 March 2019 in patients with T2DM aged C 20 years receiving diabetes treatment. Treatment adherence and satisfaction were self-assessed/reported by the patients. A multiple logistic regression model and the chi-square test were used to assess associated factors.Results: Responders (N = 1000) were aged 63.8 (standard deviation 11.9) years, and 739 (73.9%) were male. Adherence to treatment was reported in 941 (94.1%) patients and was significantly associated with higher household income (odds ratio [OR] 2.07, 95% confidence