Notwithstanding the cross-sectional design, SDB and obesity, but not short sleep duration, were independently associated with diabetes and hypertension, with gender and menopausal status-related differences in risk emerging.

Subjective sleep estimates and frequent nocturnal urination may represent a potential risk for circadian BP abnormalities.

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Background Nocturia is a risk factor for poor quality of life and increased mortality. This study was aimed to clarifying dietary habits, eating behaviors, and sleep characteristics associated with nocturia to identify modifiable lifestyle factors for nocturia. Methods This cross‐sectional study included 5683 community residents (64.5 ± 7.7 years old). The frequency of nocturnal urination was recorded for 1 week using a sleep diary. The frequency of food intake, unfavorable eating behaviors, and sleep characteristics that may have influence on salt intake and wasting were obtained using a structured questionnaire. Results The frequency of nocturnal urination was increased with age (β = .312, P < .001). Other basic factors associated with the frequency were the male sex (β = .090), hypertension (β = .038), sleep apnea (β = .030), B‐type natriuretic peptide level (β = .089), and spot urine sodium excretion (β = −.058). Dietary factors independently associated with nocturnal urination frequency were coffee (≥1 time/day: β = −.059, P < .001) and green vegetable consumption (≥1 time/week: β = −.042, P = .001), whereas habitual intake of dairy products, miso soup, and alcohol were not associated with urination frequency. Later bedtime was inversely associated with nocturnal urination frequency independent of sleep duration (before 23:00: β = −.096; before 24:00: β = −.225; after midnight: β = −.240; all P < .001). Conclusion Coffee and green vegetable consumption and later bedtime but not sleep duration are lifestyle factors associated with nocturnal urination frequency.

Abnormalities in circadian blood pressure (BP) variation have been suggested to be associated with cardiovascular diseases and mortality. Factors affecting this variability need to be clarified to precisely evaluate the risk of circadian BP abnormalities. Given the seasonal differences in casual BP, it was hypothesized that nocturnal BP may also differ by season. Here, we aimed to clarify the seasonality of circadian BP variation, as well as the factors associated with this seasonality, in a large-scale general population (n = 4780). This is a cross-sectional study based on multiday BP values measured in the evening, during sleep, and in the morning. Measurements were taken at home using an automatic cuff-oscillometric device. The sleeping period was objectively defined by actigraphy. The nocturnal systolic BP fall was significantly less in individuals whose BP was measured during the summer season (summer, -5.8 ± 7.8%; middle (spring or autumn), -8.2 ± 7.5%; winter, -11.0 ± 7.7%; p < 0.001), resulting in higher frequencies of riser (summer, 19.9; middle, 12.8; winter, 7.8%) and non-dipper (summer, 51.4; middle, 46.3; winter, 37.0%) patterns in the summer season (p < 0.001). The results of linear regression analysis identified the middle (β = 0.154, p < 0.001) and summer season (β = 0.261, p < 0.001) as strong positive determinants for decreasing the nocturnal SBP fall. No seasonality was observed in day-to-day variability of the dipping pattern (Kendall's coefficient: winter, 0.527; middle, 0.539; summer, 0.515). The nocturnal BP fall was largely different by season, with a higher frequency of riser and non-dipper patterns in the summer. The seasonality might not be due to the seasonal difference in day-to-day variability of nocturnal BP changes.