With the acceleration of urbanization, urban landscape patterns have been rapidly adjusted and reorganized, which has resulted in drastic changes in the quality of urban habitats. To achieve the objective of a new type of ecoconservative urbanization, it is urgent that we strengthen the research on the relationship between the habitat quality and landscape patterns. Based on the InVEST model and FRAGSTATS landscape pattern index, in this study, we evaluated the habitat quality evolution and landscape pattern change trend of Harbin based on remote sensing images from 2000, 2010, and 2020, and we explored the correlation between them using Pearson's correlation coefficient. The results showed that: (1) From 2000 to 2020, the habitat quality in Harbin decreased from 0.68 to 0.65, with an overall downward trend. The low-quality habitat increased by 1.25%, while the high-quality habitat decreased by 6.43%. The spatial heterogeneity was substantial, and the distribution pattern was high in the middle, middle in the east, and low in the west; (2) The landscape pattern index of Harbin obviously changed, and the overall landscape pattern had a trend of further fragmentation and gradual irregularity, decreases in the diversity and evenness, and spatial heterogeneity; (3) For most of the land types, there were substantial correlations between the habitat quality and landscape pattern indices. The PD, COHESION, and LSI had the most substantial correlations with the habitat quality. The research results provide a theoretical basis for the ecological protection and sustainable development in Harbin.