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In this study, spent mushroom substrates (SMSs) were fermented anaerobically at room temperature to gain liquid SMSs (LSMSs) that were used to remove nitrogen from the piggery wastewater with a low C/N ratio in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) and solid SMSs (SSMSs) that were utilized to adsorb Pb2+ from Pb2+-containing wastewater in a fixed-bed reactor (FBR). After LSMSs supplement, the removal efficiency of both TN and NH+4-N increased from around 50% to 60–80%. High-throughput sequencing results presented an obvious change in microbial diversity, and some functional microorganisms like Zoogloea and Hydrogenophaga predominated to promote nitrogen removal. Pb2+ did not emerge from the effluent until 240 min with the corresponding concentration being less than 3 mg/L when using 30-day SSMSs as adsorbents, and it was demonstrated to be appropriate to use Thomas model to predict Pb2+ sorption on SSMSs. Although various functional groups played a role in binding ions, the carboxyl group was proved to contribute most to Pb2+ adsorption. These results certified that the anaerobically fermented SMSs are decidedly suitable for wastewater treatment.

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