User experience (UX) is essential for creating successful interactive products. However, whether the evaluation of user experience is universal across different cultures is questionable. In the past decades, a large number of researches have demonstrated consistently that different cultures play an important role in influencing people's perception and cognition of the world. These cultural differences can also influence people's aesthetic judgments and experience of products. The main goals of our research were two-fold: 1) to develop a standardized Chinese questionnaire for assessing the UX of interactive products, and 2) to evaluate the experience of Chinese users in interacting with three different mobile phones, Nokia, Blackberry, and iPhone. The study results identified three main factors or dimensions contributing to the experience of Chinese users: Hedonic Quality (Stimulation), Pragmatic Quality, and Conformity, as compared to the four dimensions in the AttracDiff, an English questionnaire popularly used in western cultures. Among three mobile products, iPhone was considered the most beautiful, usable, and popular, providing the best user experience overall.

When people move around in their environment, spatial updating, which is an automatic cognitive process, is essential to ensuring people can keep track of their relations between them and the surrounding objects, and to "recalculating" the relative position and orientation of those objects with regard to the current position of the persons. Despite the facilitating effect of spatial updating to people's mental representation in most circumstances as demonstrated in most of the existing literature, the effect sometimes can be adversarial. For instance, some research suggested that even though people were asked to ignore their locomotion, it is difficult to suppress updating of the spatial representation during movement. The current two studies were conducted to systematically investigate the dual effects of spatial updating in both real and virtual environments. We used a typical spatial updating paradigm to explore the effects of scene familiarity (familiar vs. novel) and person's locomotion (stationary vs. moving) on change detection accuracy (target object moved or not). The results indicated a facilitating effect of spatial updating in the novel scene condition, but an adversarial effect in the familiar scene condition-the dual effects, in both real and virtual environments. spatial updating, spatial representation, scene recognition, virtual environment, virtual reality Citation:Liu S Q, Zheng X J S, Liu X Y, et al. Dual effects of spatial updating in both real and virtual environments.