This article provides a deep dive into several recent cases of majoritarian hate speech and violence perpetrated against Muslims in India. We first provide an introduction to Hindutva as a social movement in India, followed by an examination of three case studies in which Islamophobic hate speech circulated on social media, as well as several instances of anti-Muslim violence. These case studies—the Delhi riots, the Love Jihad conspiracy theory, and anti-Muslim disinformation related to the COVID pandemic—show that Hindu nationalism in India codes the Muslim minority in the country as particularly dangerous and untrustworthy.

Removing the rigidity from Traditional Viva (TV) and making it flexible and easy with structured viva (SV) can drastically boost students' preparedness to appear confident in exam so that their knowledge and performance can improve. This study was conducted to identify the perception of faculties and students about SV and to evaluate the effect of SV on performance of students. After taking permission from Ethical committee, all willing students of first MBBS (2020-21), Government Medical College, Surat were enrolled in the study and were divided into 8 batches among 8 faculties. Pre validated SV cards were prepared well in advance. At the end of viva the pre-validated Questionnaire was given to collect their feedbacks for SV. Unpaired Student's t test and paired t test was applied for statistical analysis. When calculated statistically, it was found that, except for lower limb, students achieved more marks with SV as compared to TV. When combined and compared, the total marks obtained by the students in SV were more than the marks obtained in TV. The results from students' perspective suggests that SV is a more precise and unbiased way of practical examination of viva. It is valid, reliable and not/less subjective. Overall, Time consumption, Ease of execution, Ease of understanding and Ease of assessment make the SV a very good and noticeable option to TV. Considering faculties’ perception which was reflected as mixed responses, we can still create a good framework for installation of SV as a formative assessment method.

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