Physical parameters (such as crosslinking density, crystallinity and mechanical properties) have been found to largely affect cellular behavior on polymer scaffolds. This study demonstrated that transparent pure Poly (vinyl alcohol) hydrogels prepared via a freeze-thaw method can be made to support cell adhesion by controlling physical parameters such as concentration and the number of freeze-thaw cycles. For a given number of freeze-thaw cycles, (specifically 45), polymer concentration dependent structural and mechanical properties (such as tensile strength and stiffness) were correlated with cell adhesion. The maximum cell attachment occurred on the hydrogels with the greatest mechanical properties, crystallinity and crosslinking density. The hydrogel surfaces were more favorable to human dermal fibroblasts than human lens epithelial cells and retained their transparency as well as dimensional stability with only a small degree of swelling. Fibroblast laden hydrogels showed extensive alkaline phosphatase activity which confirmed their healthy proliferation and function. In this manner, this study suggests that transparent Poly (vinyl alcohol) hydrogels prepared by the freeze thaw method described here should be further studied for numerous tissue engineering applications.
A major
impediment to developing effective antimicrobials against
Gram-negative bacteria like Salmonella is the ability of the bacteria to develop resistance against existing
antibiotics and the inability of the antimicrobials to clear the intracellular
bacteria residing in the gastrointestinal tract. As the critical balance
of charge and hydrophobicity is required for effective membrane-targeting
antimicrobials without causing any toxicity to mammalian cells, herein
we report the synthesis and antibacterial properties of cholic acid-derived
amphiphiles conjugated with alkyl chains of varied hydrophobicity.
Relative to other hydrophobic counterparts, a compound with hexyl
chain (6) acted as an effective antimicrobial against
different Gram-negative bacteria. Apart from its ability to permeate
the outer and inner membranes of bacteria; compound 6 can cross the cellular and lysosomal barriers of epithelial cells
and macrophages and kill the facultative intracellular bacteria without
disrupting the mammalian cell membranes. Oral delivery of compound 6 was able to clear the Salmonella-mediated gut infection and inflammation, and was able to combat
persistent, stationary, and multi-drug-resistant clinical strains.
Therefore, our study reveals the ability of cholic acid-derived amphiphiles
to clear intracellular bacteria and Salmonella-mediated gut infection and inflammation.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.