Continuous ongoing development of dense integrated circuits requires significant advancements in nanoscale patterning technology. As a key process in semiconductor high volume manufacturing (HVM), high resolution lithography is crucial in keeping with Moore's law. Currently, lithography technology for the sub-7 nm node and beyond has been actively investigated approaching atomic level patterning. EUV technology is now considered to be a potential alternative to HVM for replacing in some cases ArF immersion technology combined with multi-patterning. Development of innovative resist materials will be required to improve advanced fabrication strategies. In this article, advancements in novel resist materials are reviewed to identify design criteria for establishment of a next generation resist platform. Development strategies and the challenges in next generation resist materials are summarized and discussed.

The proton‐exchange membrane (PEM) is a fundamental module of proton‐exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), permitting proton passage and thus governing the overall performance of PEMFCs. Till now, Nafion has been the extensively used marketable PEM material due to its high protonic conductivity of 10−2–10−1 S cm−1 under high relative humidity and 80–85 °C. On the other hand, crystalline materials such as metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs), coordination polymers (CPs), covalent organic frameworks (COFs), hydrogen‐bonded organic framework (HOFs), metalo hydrogen‐bonded organic framework (MHOFs), and polyoxometalates (POMs) are emerging as potential PEM materials, where crystallinity has paved the way to study the conduction pathway and associated mechanisms to understand structure‐function relationships. However, to date, ultrahigh superprotonic conductivity to the level of 10−1 S cm−1, close to Nafion, is relatively scarce for the crystalline proton conductors. In this review, the discussion is focused on materials that demonstrate a conductivity order of 10−1 S cm−1 and higher for those individual crystalline platforms (to be on the equal footing and superior to nafion, respectively) based on their synthesis approach while highlighting the design norms and key features for attaining such ultrahigh conductivity. While a critical analysis is made, the key issues and future prospects are also addressed.

Recently, proton conduction has been a thread of high potential owing to its wide applications in fuel‐cell technology. In the search for a new class of crystalline materials for protonic conductors, three metalo hydrogen‐bonded organic frameworks (MHOFs) based on [Ni(Imdz)6]2+ and arene disulfonates (MHOF1 and MHOF2) or dicarboxylate (MHOF3) have been reported (Imdz=imidazole). The presence of an ionic backbone with charge‐assisted H‐bonds, coupled with amphiprotic imidazoles made these MHOFs protonic conductors, exhibiting conduction values of 0.75×10−3, 3.5×10−4 and 0.97×10−3 S cm−1, respectively, at 80 °C and 98 % relative humidity, which are comparable to other crystalline metal‐organic framework, coordination polymer, polyoxometalate, covalent organic framework, and hydrogen‐bonded organic framework materials. This report initiates the usage of MHOF materials as a new class of solid‐state proton conductors.

202102300half (54%) of the total energy to run several processes, such as heating, refining, and distillation. [1][2] Besides the industrial sector, the fastest-growing transportation sector demands the consumption of 25% energy, whereas the residential and commercial sectors are also accountable for the consumption of 20% energy among the total delivered energy resources. [1] According to the World Energy Statistical Review report, such a high amount of required deliverable energy is acquired mostly from the nonrenewable energy source, i.e., burning of fossil fuels (more than 80%), among which 27%, 33.1%, and 24.2% are coming from coal, oil, and natural gas, respectively. [3,4] According to the Government of India 2018 energy statistics report, even though the production of coal and lignite has been increased 2.9% and 3.79% for the years 2007-08 and 2016-17, respectively, their consumption also increased tremendously in 2016-17 (5.29%) than 2007-08 (2.22%), which displays the emergency and necessity of other alternative energy resources development. [5] Moreover, due to the scarcity of such nonrenewable energy resources and several unavoidable disadvantages of fossil fuels enforce the researchers toward developing renewable and greener alternative energy resources not only from economic perspective but also in terms of effectivity, practicality, and reliability. Toward this direction, fuel cell (FC) system attracts the immense attention over the others due to its several superiorities such as high energy conversion efficiency, low to zero-emission, mild operating conditions, fuel flexibility along with high energy security, and extended durability. [6] FCs are considered as electrochemical power plants, which convert chemical energy to electrical energy with high thermodynamic efficiencies by the cost of particular type of fuels. [7,8] Among several types of FCs, those are typically differentiated by the class of electrolytes used (phosphoric acid (PA), oxide, alkaline, and proton exchange membrane (PEM) (for hydrogen or methanol)), the proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) has received particular attention. The hydrogen and direct methanol fuel cells use a polymeric solid-state PEM as an electrolyte and operate at comparatively lower temperatures than most other varieties of FCs, typically from 258 to about 908 °C. [8] In a hydrogen FC, oxygen and hydrogen are supplied to the cathode and anode sides, respectively. While protons Proton conductivity is the paramount property of proton-conducting materials that are playing significant roles in diverse electrochemical devices with applications in proton exchange membranes (PEMs) for fuel cells (PEMFCs). Considering the scarcity of fossil fuels, the development of clean and green renewable energy resources is in-demand across the globe. Toward this direction, the development of solid-state proton conductors is of significant interest. The higher structural tunability, lower density, good crystallinity, accessible well-defined pores, excellent thermal and chemic...

Solid-state proton-conducting materials play essential roles in various electrochemical devices, including fuel cells as solid electrolytes. Recently, research on hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks (HOFs) has gained considerable momentum in diverse applications, as several of them show high stability with permanent microporosity. The inherent well-defined H-bonded networks in HOFs make them versatile platforms as solid-state proton conductors exhibiting conductivities as high as 10–1 S cm–1. In this Focus Review, we present the development of HOFs as proton conductors while briefing early reports on proton-conducting H-bonded organic systems. Reports on proton conductivity with other terminologies, such as supramolecular organic frameworks (SOFs), porous organic salts (POSs), or porous molecular crystals (PMCs), are also taken into consideration. All efforts have been made to organize and classify the proton-conducting HOFs with a deeper insight into the design principle and critical features in realizing such conduction properties. The advantages, potential challenges, and prospects of HOFs as proton conductors are discussed.