Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a slowly progressing neurodegenerative disorder representing a major health concern worldwide. This disorder is characterised by progressive dementia and cognitive decline. The pathological hallmarks of AD include the presence of Aβ plaques and tau neurofibrils. Research has shown that oxidative stress represents a major risk factor associated with AD pathology. Accumulation of Aβ plaques and relative lack of antioxidant defence mechanisms, including cellular antioxidant enzymes and dietary antioxidants like vitamins, assist in the exacerbation of oxidative stress. Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) produced as the result of oxidative stress, that increase structural and functional abnormalities in brain neurons, which then manifests as dementia and decline in cognition. Data from numerous epidemiological studies suggests that nutrition is one of the most important yet modifiable risk factors for AD. Since oxidative stress contributes a great deal in the development and progression of AD, anything that could attenuate oxidative stress would help in decreasing the prevalence and incidence of AD. There is increasing evidence that supports the use of different antioxidant as an adjuvant treatment for AD. Vitamins are one such antioxidant that can be used as an adjuvant in AD treatment. This paper will focus on the evidence, based on current literature, linking the use of vitamin supplementations as an adjuvant treatment for AD.

Introduction: Dengue fever is endemic in developing nations worldwide with as many as 500,000 annual cases of dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) and dengue shock syndrome (DSS). A prompt and accurate diagnosis early in the disease course is essential for prompt identification and treatment of severe complications of the dengue virus infection (DVI). We identified cross-reactivity of a rapid IgM test for typhoid fever in patients with febrile illnesses that were determined to be due to dengue virus.Methods: All patients with documented DVI during a recent epidemic in Pakistan also underwent diagnostic testing for Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi. The diagnosis of DVI was made based on clinical findings and the positive results for dengue non-structural protein 1 antigen (NS1Ag) and/or dengue IgM antibody (anti-D IgM) during the acute phase of febrile illness. Patients with positive test results for Salmonella typhi (S. Typhi) IgM also had their blood cultures done.Results: In the group of 322 patients with clinical and serological evidence of DVI, 107 also tested positive for S. Typhi IgM. Blood cultures were negative for S. Typhi bacteria in all patients. Principal disease features included fever, headache, myalgia, retro-orbital pain, and a rash accompanied by thrombocytopenia and leukopenia. Comparisons of clinical and routine laboratory findings between the S. Typhi-positive and negative groups showed no significant differences. Patients testing positive for both NS1Ag and anti-D IgM were significantly more likely to test positive for S. Typhi IgM, even in the absence of typhoid fever. No routine antibiotics were used and all patients survived.Conclusion: One-third of a large group of patients with primary DVI also demonstrated false positive results for typhoid fever. Cross-reactivity of a rapid immunoassay for typhoid fever has not been previously reported in DVI or any other flavivirus infections. Until these findings can be further evaluated, clinicians should be cautious in interpreting S. Typhi rapid immunoassays and have a high index of suspicion of DVI in dengue fever endemic areas.

Background The pathophysiological mechanism of hypertensive retinopathy (HR) is not fully understood, although it is thought that increased platelet activation may have a pivotal role. This study was designed to investigate this possibility by determining the frequency and magnitude of mean platelet volume (MPV), a marker of platelet activation, in HR.Methods One hundred and thirty-eight patients, aged 31 to 80 years, who had essential hypertension with HR were enrolled in the study. The patients who presented at the emergency and outpatient medical department of the Capital Development Authority (CDA) Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan, from March 2013 to February 2014 were selected for this study. All patients were analyzed for grading of HR according to the Keith-Wagener-Barker (KWB) classification criteria. A direct ophthalmoscopic examination was performed in all the subjects, together with an assessment of MPV.Results The mean age of the patients was 54.1 ± 11.7 years. Normal MPV was found in 97 (70.2%) patients, 53 males and 44 females. Elevated levels of MPV were found in 41 (29.7%)  patients, 19 males and 22 females. In patients with Grade 1 HR, the MPV was 10.6 ± 0.6 femtoliters (fl). In Grades 2, 3, and 4 HR, the values of MPV were 11.1± 0.5 fl, 11.6 ± 0.3 fl, and 12.2 ± 0.6 fl, respectively, which were greater than the normal range (> 10 fl) of MPV values. In addition, the frequency of elevated MPV significantly (P < 0.001) and linearly (r = 0.998) increased with increasing HR grade.Conclusion It is concluded that the frequency of elevated MPV is increased in patients with HR and strongly correlates to grade. In addition, the magnitude of the elevated MPV increased with the severity of the retinopathy. Thus, abnormally elevated MPV may be an etiological factor for HR in hypertensive patients.

BACKGROUND: Cirrhotic Cardiomyopathy is a relatively ill-characterized condition, which is often under-diagnosed due to absence of defined diagnostic criteria. ECG showing corrected QT Interval prolongation is the most suitable available option for diagnosis of this condition. OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency of corrected QT interval prolongation in patients with liver cirrhosis. METHODOLOGY: Patients (n = 166) with confirmed cirrhosis, 30 years or older, presented in the outpatient and emergency department of medicine at Capital Hospital Islamabad between 1 October 2011 and 30 September 2012, were enrolled in this cross-sectional study after taking consent. ECG was done using calibrated ECG machine, and the QT Interval was measured. Corrected QT was calculated using Bazett's formula and a QTc of more than 0.44 seconds was considered as being prolonged. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 57.05 ± 12.03 years. The corrected QT Interval varied from 337 ms to 560 ms. The mean QTc Interval was 429.92 ms ± 45.11. QTc was prolonged in 41 out of 166 patients (24.7%). Frequency of QTc prolongation was 4.5% in Child Pugh Grade A, 23.2% in Child Pugh Grade B, and 32.0% in Child Pugh Grade C. Association of Child Pugh Scoring with QTc prolongation was determined and found to be statistically significant (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: QTc interval was prolonged in 24.7% of cirrhotic patients in our study. There was a significant increase in frequency with worsening of Child Pugh Grade, thereby indicating an association between QTc prolongation and the severity of cirrhosis.

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