Streszczenie. W niniejszej pracy podjęto próbę oceny międzyrasowej i wewnątrzrasowej zmienności ejakulatów oraz morfologii, wymiarów i kształtu plemników knurów inseminacyjnych. Podstawowe cechy ejakulatów cechuje relatywnie duża zmienność wewnątrzrasowa i międzyrasowa. Ejakulaty knurów ras Landrace i Large White mają wyraźnie większą objętość niż ejakulaty knurów rasy Duroc oraz mieszańców Duroc × Pietrain, a ejakulaty knurów rasy Landrace zawierają więcej plemników niż ejakulaty knurów innych ras. Plemniki knurów mieszańców wykazują mniejszą ruchliwość niż plemniki knurów innych ras. W ejakulatach knurów wszystkich ras stwierdzono bardzo małą frekwencję plemników ze zmianami głównymi i podrzędnymi. Frekwencję zmian morfologicznych plemników cechuje bardzo duża zmienność wewnątrzrasowa, przy stosunkowo małej zmienności międzyrasowej. Wymiary morfometryczne plemników cechuje mała zmienność wewnątrzrasowa, przy relatywnie dużej zmienności międzyrasowej. Plemniki knurów rasy Landrace mają wyraźnie dłuższe witki oraz większe pole powierzchni główki niż plemniki knurów innych ras.

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This article analyses the cultural images of the Vilnius ghetto and the methods of its categorisation in Polish-language texts of the interwar period in tourist guides, feuilletons, and poetry. In the texts of the Vilnius authors, Julisz Kłos, professor of Vilnius University, poets Witold Hulewicz and Konstanty Gałczyński, the ghetto is defined in terms of modernity as a medieval and chaotic urban space that requires modernisation; in terms of pictorialism as a picturesque part of the city; in terms of heterogeneity as an alien space creating an urban heterotopia, and as a space of everyday life, specific for the whole of Vilnius. The article emphasises the fact that the image of Vilnius as an urban heterotopia was shaped by foreigners, including authors of German guides of the World War I years and subsequently by foreign guests visiting Vilnius in the interwar period. In their texts, the ghetto appears as an intriguing part of the city space. Noticed by a foreigner who played the role of the “other”, the specificity and originality of the ghetto influenced the perceptions of the city by some representatives of the Polish intelligentsia. The textual image of the Vilnius ghetto reveals the beliefs, worldviews, images, ideology, and to some extent the aesthetic inclinations of the authors for whom the ghetto was an alien city. A different attitude was represented by Jerzy Wyszomirski, a writer and journalist who comprehended the space of the ghetto, its languages, Yiddish and Hebrew, and treated the Jewish world with kindness as neighbourly and familiar, thus eliminating the structures of otherness that allowed the ghetto to be incorporated into the general idea of the city.

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The aim of the study was to assess breeding of zebra finches kept in a flock in an amateur indoor aviary. The research was carried out at an amateur breeding facility in the Masovian Voivodeship in 2014-2018. The subject of the study was 5 pairs of zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata) kept in an indoor aviary. Analysis of breeding was based on the following parameters: number of eggs laid, number of chicks hatched, and number of chicks reared from two broods each year. The reproductive parameters of the zebra finch pairs were varied. There were differences between individual pairs of birds for both the number of eggs laid per clutch and the number of chicks reared. Most of the zebra finch pairs had very good reproductive parameters; only a pair consisting of two albino individuals did not rear any offspring in any of the breeding seasons.