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Unrestrained industrialisation resulting in environmental pollution has mobilised the unstinting endeavours of scientist, researchers, policy makers and ecologist in a quest to rapidly unearth solutions to mitigate further environmental deterioration. One promising ongoing development is green supply chain management (GSCM), which promises a reduction of pollution and waste in manufacturing. GSCM achieves this through the mechanism of improving manufacturing efficiency, by reducing costs, enhancing product quality and improving product delivery. This study applies the natural resource-based view, and quantitatively examines the impact of the implementation of GSCM on firm environmental performance, and firm competitiveness. Data was collected from 122 sampled firms, analysed, and evaluated in two ways. Firstly, using partial least squared-structured equation modelling (PLS-SEM), results indicate that 'green procurement', and 'green supplier and customer collaboration', have a significant positive relationship with both firm environmental performance, and, firm competitiveness. Secondly, using importance-performance matrix analysis (IPMA), both 'green 92 C.L. Tan et al. procurement' and 'green supplier and customer collaboration' are mapped in the high in importance/high-performance quadrant. The practical recommendations are for organisations to prioritise efforts and resources towards 'green procurement' and 'green supplier and customer collaboration' in order to maximise the return on 'green' investment.

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In view of the influence of green supply chain management (GSCM) practices on firm competitiveness, particularly among manufacturing firms, we examined a model linking green production, green purchasing, investment recovery and firm competitiveness. This paper contributes to the emerging body of literature on green supply chains and firm competitiveness in developing countries by examining our research model in the context of Malaysia. Specifically, using a sample of 144 Malaysian manufacturing companies, we propose and find support for the notion that there is a relationship between green supply chain practices and firm competitiveness. Analysis using the partial least squares package reveals that both green production and green purchasing have a direct effect on firm competitiveness. However, investment recovery has no relationship with firm competitiveness. A discussion and suggestions for future research are included.