Background FODMAP reduced diet (fermentable oligo-, di-, monosaccharide, and polyols) belongs to the established therapy strategies in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). However, disadvantages of this diet are significant and may lead to weight loss and insufficient patient adherence. Reports from Germany are not available yet. Material and methods In a prospective study, 93 patients with IBS according to Rom III were investigated. Sixty-three patients were recruited for the study and received standardized investigation, informed consent, and structured dietary instructions about the FODMAP reduced diet. Patients complaints were documented by a validated questionnaire and a standardized Lickert scale before and 8 weeks after the start of the diet. Stool characteristics were documented by the Bristol stool form scale. Results Patients adherence was low because 30 patients (47 %) stopped the diet. Of the remaining 33 patients, 36 % (n = 12) developed significant weight loss during the FODMAP therapy. Patients completing the study reported significant global improvement of symptoms in 79 % of cases (abdominal pain 85 %, meteorism 79 %, flatulence 69 %, borbogymi 69 %, nausea 46 %, fatigue 69 %). In addition, the severity of symptoms was significantly reduced. Fourteen patients developed changes of their stool characteristics according to the Bristol stool form scale, 11 of whom improved diarrhea and 3 improved constipation. Conclusion FODMAP reduced diet is an efficient therapy in IBS. However, adherence of the patients is poor and the therapy bears the risk of significant weight loss.

Background/Aims: In a prospective study, we evaluated fructose absorption capacity in 17 healthy female volunteers aged 16–27 years. Methods: All volunteers underwent analysis of their daily food intake diary and standardized breath tests. The volunteers were challenged consecutively with oral intake of 50, 25 and 15 g of fructose. Results: The average daily ingestion of fructose (19.54 ± 14.95 g) was not different between volunteers with positive and negative breath tests. On day 1, 53% of subjects exhibited a significant (≧20 ppm) increase in breath hydrogen and gastrointestinal symptoms upon challenge with 50 g of fructose. Moreover, 37.5% of the volunteers with a negative breath test became positive upon a second challenge with 50 g of fructose but remained asymptomatic. On day 2, 1 of the 9 volunteers (12.5%) with a positive breath test on day 1 exhibited an asymptomatic positive breath test upon exposure to 25 and 15 g of fructose on day 3. The 8 volunteers with a negative test (25 g of fructose) remained negative after a second exposure to 25 g of fructose. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that hydrogen breath tests with fructose challenge of 50 g of fructose are inappropriate to characterize clinically significant fructose malabsorption.

Background and study aims Gastrointestinal symptoms assumed by food intolerance are reported frequently in the general population. There is a significant difference between self-reported and objective proven food intolerance as shown by placebo controlled double blind randomized trials. This discrepancy may be overcome by endoscopic confocal laser endomicroscopy (eCLE). Patients and methods In an observational study we evaluated 34 patients with functional abdominal pain and adverse reaction to food by eCLE and local duodenal food challenge for the first time. Spontaneous and food induced transfer of fluorescein into duodenal lumen was detected 10 minutes following intravenously application of fluorescein and 10 minutes after duodenal food challenge (DFC). Results 67.6% of the patients responded with a fluorescein leakage into the duodenal lumen. Frequency rank order of food antigens that induced a response were soy (50%), wheat (46.1%), milk (20%), egg (12%) and yeast (11.5%), respectively. 23.5% of the patients showed spontaneous leakage of fluorescein suggesting leaky gut syndrome. Histology of duodenal biopsies and mast cell function were normal. Overall, 69.5% improved by the food exclusion therapy and 13% were symptom free according to eCLE. Conclusion The results of our study indicate that eCLE is a clinically useful tool to evaluate patients with functional abdominal pain and adverse reaction to food and to create an individual dietary therapy with clinically benefit for the patients.

Background Intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction (“leaky gut syndrome”, LGS) is thought to play a major role in the pathogenesis of disorders of the gut brain axis. Endoscopic confocal laser endomicroscopy (eCLE) is an objective measure to test duodenal permeability. We applied this technique in patients with functional gastrointestinal symptoms and food intolerance to characterize the proportion of patients with LGS. Material and Methods In an observational study, we evaluated 85 patients with functional gastrointestinal symptoms and food intolerance. Gastrointestinal symptoms were classified according to Rom IV into functional abdominal pain (FAP), irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), irritable bowel syndrome diarrhea dominant (IBS-D), irritable bowel syndrome constipation dominant (IBS-C), irritable bowel syndrome with mixed stool (IBS-M), functional abdominal bloating (FAB), functional diarrhea (FD) and unclassified (NC). During eCLE, spontaneous transfer of intravenously applied fluorescein into duodenal lumen (LGS) and following duodenal food challenge (DFC) were analyzed. Blood analysis comprised parameters of mast cell function, histology of duodenal mucosal biopsies analysis of mucosal inflammation, intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) as well as number, distribution and morphology of mast cells. Results 24 patients (9 IBS, 9 FAP, 3 FAB, 1 FD, 2 NC), showed LGS, 50 patients (14 IBS-D, 4 IBS-C, 3 IBS-M, 23 FAP, 3 FAB, 3 NC) had no LGS but responded to DFC and 11 patients (6 NC, 3 FAP, 1 FAB, 1 FD) had no LGS and no response to DFC. The proportion of subgroups with/or without spontaneous leakage of fluorescein (+LGS/-LGS) were IBS-LGS/IBS+LGS 67%/33%, FAP-LGS/FAP+LGS 72%/28%,FAB-LGS/FAB+LGS 50%/50%, NC-LGS/NC+LGS 60%/40%. Subgroup analysis revealed no significant differences for all parameters tested. Conclusion As a proof of concept, the results of our study indicate that eCLE is a clinical useful tool to evaluate patients with disorders of the gut brain axis and those suspicious of LGS. However, the clinical significance of LGS remains unclear. The study should be an incentive to perform a randomized study including healthy controls.

We describe an open, uncontrolled, observational study to evaluate the safety, acceptability and efficacy of a high-energy, fibre-containing oral nutritional supplement in patients who were either malnourished or who had experienced recent, acute weight loss and therefore needed a high-energy and/or fibre supplement.Assessments For assessment of safety and tolerance, occurrence of adverse events and oedema were to be documented during the 2-week trial and routine blood biochemistry was measured. The acceptability of the oral nutritional supplement was rated by the patients. In order to assess efficacy, patients' body mass index (BMI) was calculated at baseline and following 2 weeks of nutritional intervention.Results A daily intake of 400±600 mL of a high-energy, fibrecontaining liquid nutritional supplement was well accepted and no adverse events or problems with compliance were recorded. The high acceptability was underlined by favourable ratings of taste, smell, texture and overall acceptability. The patients' median (interquartile range) BMI increased from 18 kg m 22 (18±19 kg m 22 ) to 20 kg m 22 (19±20 kg m 22 ); this increase was highly significant (P , 0.001). ConclusionWe conclude that a high-energy, fibre-containing nutritional supplement is safe, well tolerated and associated with improved nutritional status in malnourished patients.