Background: There is considerable variation in the clinical manifestations of neonatal encephalopathy. It has been associated to early-onset neurological abnormalities and preterm or late delivery (before or after 35 weeks of gestation, respectively). Convulsions, coma, respiratory distress, slowed or halted breathing, slowed or halted reflexes, and depressed tone are all possible outcomes. The goal of this study was to assess the prevalence of hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) among tertiary care hospital patients with a diagnosis of perinatal asphyxia. Contents and techniques: In Sawabi, Pakistan, researchers from the GKMC/BKMC Hospital surveyed the local population. Investigators gathered data from July 1, 2021, through December 31, 2021. The study comprised 80 babies diagnosed with perinatal hypoxia. Each newborn was evaluated using established screening criteria for hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy. The average age was 2.5371.28 days for the participants in this research, which ranged in age from 1 to 10 days. The average duration of pregnancy was 37.6811.24 weeks, and the mean birth weight was 3.2750.35 kg. Seventy-five percent of all births were accomplished by vaginal delivery, while the remaining twenty-five percent were accomplished through caesarean section. Eight persons were diagnosed with hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy.

Background: Down syndrome is the most common chromosomal disorder and most common genetic cause of mental retardation.Congenital heart disease (CHD) is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in children with Down's syndrome.Objective: To determine the frequency and types of congenital heart diseases in children with Down syndrome and to relate it withconsanguinity.Material and Methods: This Cross-sectional study was carried out at Bacha Khan Medical Complex / Gajju Khan Medical College,Swabi, from January 2019-December 2020. Children less than 12 year's age with Down syndrome were enrolled in the study.Echocardiography of all these children was done and presence and type of CHD was noted.Results: Our study included 95 children with diagnosis of Down syndrome. The mean age was 56.12±41.89 months. 40% weremales. Mother's mean age was 33.04±4.2 years. Mothers having age = 35 years old were 30.5%. Parents having consanguineousmarriage were 33.7%. The diagnosis of major congenital heart defect was in 37.9%. Out of 36 CHD patients the type of congenitalheart lesion was as follows: 36.11% hadAVSD, 25% hadASD; 30.5% had VSD; 5.55% had tetralogy of Fallot and 2.78% had PDA.Children with down syndrome with CHD had older mothers <0.05. Mothers with consanguineous marriages had a greaterproportion of CHD children; p<0.05.Conclusion: Approximately 1/3rd Down syndrome children had congenital heart disease. The commonest lesion was AVSDfollowed by VSD, ASD, tetralogy of Fallot and PDA. Consanguineous marriages are associated with a greater frequency ofCHD in Down children.Keywords: Down syndrome, congenital heart disease, Echocardiography.

OBJECTIVES Frequency of congenital heart disease in patients with Down syndrome.METHODOLOGY This study was conducted in Hayatabad Medical Complex, Peshawar from 10th May 2021 to 9th November 2021. A total of 377 patients of age 1 to 10 years and both gender were included in the study. Those with already diagnosed cases of congenital heart disease and dysmorphic features other than Down syndrome were excluded from the study. All patients were undergone echocardiography and patient with PDA, VSD, ASD, ASVSD, and TOF were labeled as having congenital heart diseases.RESULTSMean age was 5.96 ±1.954, Males were 176 (46.7%) while females were 201 (53.3%), Mean birth weight was 3.45 ± 0.801 kg, Mean age of the mother was 38.25 ± 6.797 years, Congenital heart diseases were present in 157 (41.6%) of the patient while it was not present in 220 (58.4%) of patients, there was no association between congenital heart disease and age of mother, age of the child, sex of child or weight of the child (P >0.05).CONCLUSIONCongenital heart disease is very common in patients with Down syndrome. It is recommended that at the time of diagnosis of this disease, the patient should be screened for congenital heart disease.

Background: In 2013, 44% (2•761 million) of the projected 6.3 million worldwide children fatalities occurred in the first month of birth. Seventy-five percent of all newborn deaths occur within the first week of life worldwide. Neonatal mortality affects virtually solely low- and middle-income countries. These neonatal death rates may be greatly lowered if adequate health measures are taken during labour and delivery, with a focus on cleanliness. The purpose of this research is to determine if a single dose of chlorhexidine may minimise the risk of omphalitis in babies. Methodology: This randomised control study was conducted at the Hayatabad Medical Complex in Peshawar, Pakistan, between January 2019 and December 2020. Sixty-four people were examined in all, with 32 people monitoring each group. Two groups of neonates, Group-A and Group-B, were given a different strategy for managing the umbilical cord. Group A had their umbilical cords cleansed with a 4% chlorhexidine solution, whereas Group B was encouraged to let theirs dry naturally. On days 7, 14, 21, and 28, researchers checked in with study participants in the hospital or at their homes to check for the occurrence of omphalitis. The results were monitored with the use of proformas.

Aim: to assess the Epidemiology of intestinal obstruction in children And Teenagers its causes. Study design: This is A Multicenter study. Place and duration of study: This study was conducted in lrh and hmc territory care hospital of kpk . Analysis was completed in 01 year, from Jan 2021 to Jan 2022. Methodology: This study included all children aged 13 to 18 years hospitalized in the pediatrics department who had an exploratory laparotomy for intestinal blockage and met the inclusion criteria. During an exploratory laparotomy, adhesions, intussusceptions, roundworms, and an obstructed hernia were identified as possible reasons for intestinal blockage. Software SPSS version 24 was used to analyze the data that was collected. We calculated percentages, means, and standard deviations. Results: 85 patients in all, including 30 cases (35% females) and 55 points (65% males), were analyzed. From [01] to [12] years was the range of ages, with a mean age of [04.3602.06] years. Adhesions were the most frequent cause of intestinal obstruction, followed by intussusception in 36 (42% of cases) and 27 (31% of cases), respectively. Conclusion: The prevalence of the etiological reasons for intestinal blockage in children And Teenagers varies by age group, although adhesions are the most frequent cause, with intussusception coming in second. Keywords: Children ,Teenagers, etiological causes, intestinal obstruction, adhesion, and intussusception