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Purpose Subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT) is an effective treatment for pediatric allergic rhinitis (AR), but its efficacy fluctuates among individuals. This study aims to identify the profile of serum exosomes derived microRNAs (miRNAs) and evaluate their capacities to early predict SCIT efficacy in pediatric AR. Patients and Methods High-throughput sequencing was applied to identify the miRNA of serum exosomes in AR children. GO enrichment and KEGG pathway analysis were performed to enrich the biological annotations of target mRNAs of miRNAs. Then we validated differentially expressed miRNAs in two independent cohorts by RT-qPCR. Logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) were applied to evaluate the abilities of identified miRNAs in predicting the efficacy of SCIT in AR children. Results A total of 812 miRNAs were detected in the serum exosomes, including 16 upregulated and 14 downregulated. Differentially expressed genes are enriched in the biological process of developmental process and regulation of cellular process, and gathered in pathways such as the signaling pathways regulating pluripotency of stem cells and the Wnt signaling pathway. In the first validation cohort, hsa-miR-4669 (P=0.009) and hsa-miR-4686 (P=0.032) were significantly downregulated in the effective group than the ineffective group, while hsa-miR-3196 (P=0.015) was upregulated. In the second cohort, hsa-miR-4669 level (P<0.0001) was downregulated in the effective group than the ineffective group. In addition, logistic regression revealed that hsa-miR-4669 level was correlated with the visual analogue scale (r=0.323, P=0.001) and total nasal symptoms score (r=0.269, P =0.007). ROC curve highlighted that hsa-miR-4669 level exhibited a reliable accuracy in predicting SCIT efficacy in pediatric AR (AUC=0.785). Conclusion Serum exosomes derived miRNA were associated with the efficacy of SCIT. Serum exosomes derived hsa-miR-4669 might serve as a novel biomarker for early predicting the response of SCIT in AR children.

Efficient glycosylation of luteolin in organic solvents and the structure–antioxidant relationships of luteolin glycosides were reported for the first time.