BACKGROUND: Hypertension is a chronic disease that can cause cardiovascular complications. Hypertension in Indonesia increased from 25.8% in 2013 to 34.1% in 2018. This is an important concern to increase knowledge and understanding of hypertension. Knowledge level of hypertension is one of the factors that influenced adherence to the lifestyle and treatment of hypertension. AIM: This study aimed to develop a questionnaire instrument to measure the level of hypertension knowledge, namely the Indonesian version of the hypertension knowledge-level scale (HK-LS) questionnaire. HK-LS consisted of 22 statement items which were divided into five dimensions, namely definition, medical treatment, drug compliance, lifestyle, diet, and complication. METHODS: Data collection was carried out in May 2020 from five community health centers in Surabaya, East Java, with a total of 245 respondents. The HK-LS questionnaire carried out the translation process, including initial translation, expert panel, back translation, expert committee, pre-testing, validity, and reliability of the final version of HKLS. RESULTS: Based on the validity test, it was known that all HK-LS statement items were valid. For the reliability test, it was known that the Cronbach alpha coefficient of hypertension was 0.758 and non-hypertension was 0.858. The discriminative validity test showed that HKLS scores between the two groups of respondents were statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: Translation and validation results show that it was known that the Indonesian version of the HK-LS questionnaire was valid and reliable for the target population.

Hipertensi merupakan penyakit kronis adanya peningkatan tekanan pembuluh darah arteri. Prevalensi hipertensi di Indonesia tahun 2018, diketahui bahwa usia ≥18 tahun yang didiagnosis oleh dokter adalah 34,1%. Pada 2015 diketahui bahwa sekitar 1,13 miliar orang di dunia menderita hipertensi, artinya 1 dari 3 orang di dunia didiagnosis menderita hipertensi. Tingkat pengetahuan hipertensi menjadi salah satu faktor yang mempengaruhi kepatuhan terhadap gaya hidup dan pengobatan hipertensi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pengetahuan hipertensi terhadap kepatuhan konsumsi obat antihipertensi di beberapa Puskesmas di Surabaya (Puskesmas Gayungan, Benowo, Jeruk, Ketabang, Tambak Rejo). Pengukuran tingkat pengetahuan menggunakan metode tidak langsung yakni kuesioner HKLS (Hypertension Knowledge Level Scale) dan kepatuhan menggunakan kuesioner MGLS (Morisky, Green, Levine Adherence Scale), yang kedua kuesioner tersebut telah dialih bahasakan ke bahasa Indonesia dan telah diuji validasi dan reliabilitas. Pengambilan data pada penelitian ini dilakukan menggunakan daring (dalam jaringan) dengan aplikasi wa (whatsapp) dan google form. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian diketahui bahwa mayoritas tingkat pengetahuan hipertensi pasien adalah rendah dan memiliki tingkat kepatuhan sedang/menengah. Analisis pengaruh pengetahuan hipertensi terhadap kepatuhan diketahui signifikan secara statistik (p<0,05). Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan pengetahuan hipertensi dapat mempengaruhi tingkat kepatuhan konsumsi obat khususnya obat antihipertensi

Udang kaki putih (Litopenaeus vannamei) merupakan salah satu krustasea yang banyak dikomsumsi dan dibudidayakan di Indonesia sehingga menghasilkan banyak limbah kulit udang. Limbah tersebut dapat menyebabkan terjadinya permasalahan lingkungan seperti pencemaran karena baunya yang tidak sedap. Dilain hal kulit udang mengandung zat yang dapat disajikan sebagai bahan baku kitosan yang bermanfaat untuk berbagai keperluan terutama bidang kesehatan berperan sebagai antihiperlipidemia dan antibakteri. Tujuan penelitian adalah melakukan sintesis kitosan yang merupakan turunan dari kitin yang diambil dari kulit udang kaki putih (L. vannamei) dan dilakukan karakterisasi. Metode sintesis dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode Knorr yaitu proses pre-treatment, demineralisasi dan deproteinasi untuk menghasilkan kitin selanjutnya dilakukan deasetilasi untuk menghasilkan kitosan. Karakterisasi kitosan dilakukan dengan menguji Derajat Deasetilasi (DD) menggunakan spektroskopi FTIR, uji rendemen, uji ninhidrin, dan uji organoleptik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan uji kemurnian DD mendapatkan nilai sebesar 76,24%, hasil uji rendemen sebanyak 16,21%, uji ninhidrin positif berwarna ungu, dan uji organoleptik menghasilkan serbuk berwarna putih kekuningan. Hasil ini menunjukkan bahwa kitosan yang dihasilkan memiliki kemurnian yang sangat baik dan sesuai dengan persyaratan.

Whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) on the market are processed or sold only to take part in the meat. The head, shell, and tail are thrown away without any prior processing. Underutilized waste causes environmental problems. An alternative to overcome this environmental disturbance phenomenon is to utilize shrimp shells containing chitin and subsequently transformed into chitosan that can be applied in various fields. Chitosan has poor solubility in water but high permeability, so to improve bioavailability is by making solid dispersions. Chitosan solid dispersion made by the solvent evaporation technique used PVP K-30 as the carriers. The result of chitosan solid dispersion was then molded into tablets by the direct compression method. Hence the tablets were evaluated by weight and size uniformity, hardness, friability, and disintegration time. The formulation divided into three groups, that is F1 (chitosan : PVP K-30 = 1 : 1 solid dispersion), F2 (chitosan : PVP K-30 = 1 : 3 solid dispersion), and F3 (pure chitosan). All the formulas by weight and size uniformity and disintegration time fulfill the requirements. F3 hardness is 4,275 kg is the best from F1 and F2. By statistic analytical from weight uniformity, hardness and disintegration time give significant difference with sig. <0,05.

Background: Chitosan is a compound that can be synthesized from nature which can reduce the total serum cholesterol levels between 5.8−42.6% and decrease LDL (Low-Density Lipoprotein) between 15.1-35.1%. One of the natural resources containing chitosan derivative compounds is the shell of mud crab. Chitosan is insoluble in water but soluble in acidic solutions such as acetic acid. With such chitosan solubility, it is necessary to increase the solubility by making a solid dispersion system so that drug absorption can be faster. Objectives: The aims of this study is to determine the potential of chitosan solid dispersion system for reducing cholesterol. Material and Methods: The reduction of cholesterol levels was carried out by in vitro tests using UV-Vis spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 405 nm with Lieberman-Burchad reagent. The positive control used was simvastatin. There are 4 formulas, namely SD1, PM1, SD2, and PM2. This solid dispersion system uses polyvinyl pyrrolidone K-30 (PVP K-30) as carrier. Results: The characterization of chitosan has fulfilled all the characterization requirements that is organoleptic (shape and color) was creamy white, moisture content was 2.15%, ash content was 1.14%, ninhydrin test was positive purple, and deacetylation degree was 70.57%. The results of in vitro evaluation were obtained a dark green solution. The reducing percentage in cholesterol levels are SD1: 18.44%; PM1 : 18.11%; SD2 : 29.57%; and PM2 :12.01%. Simvastatin as a positive control has a percentage reduction in cholesterol levels of 30.07%.  Conclusion: Chitosan has an activity as anticholesterol agent. SD2 (Solid Dispersion Chitosan: PVP K-30 = 1:2) has the higher percentage than other formulas for reducing cholesterol level comparable with the positive control.