The thermal spreading of MoO3 onto silica was studied in comparison with the thermal spreading onto alumina using different characterization techniques. X-ray diffraction results showed that MoO3 crystals were transformed into Mo amorphous species on alumina and silica supports by thermal treatment. Laser Raman spectroscopy results also evidenced the transformation of MoO3 bulk into small Mo clusters and/or dispersed Mo species, which are highly distorted, interacting with alumina and silica supports. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and diffuse reflection spectroscopy (DRS) results gave better evidence of the presence of higher amounts of Mo species at the surface of both supports when compared with the respective physical mixtures. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy also provided good evidence that a surface reaction may have occurred between MoO3 and hydroxyl groups on both supports. It was possible to infer that the original MoO3 crystal lattices were destroyed by reacting with the support surface as a result of thermal treatment and transformed into small Mo clusters, dispersed Mo species, or both. Moreover, Raman spectroscopy showed nicely that the interaction of Mo species was higher on alumina than silica surfaces. Raman and DRS also provide insight into Mo species dispersion on alumina and silica samples, whereas DRS provided better evidence of the presence of dispersed Mo species on these supports. It was possible to infer that all calcined physical mixtures exhibited dispersed Mo species and small Mo clusters together with a small quantity of bulk MoO3 that remained after thermal treatment. Therefore, similar results obtained on both supports demonstrated that the thermal spreading of MoO3 also occurred on silica and the same mechanism was observed as on alumina. However, the Mo dispersion and some Mo species were different on the supports that can be attributed to the different surface properties of silica and alumina.
Recebido em 17/3/03; aceito em 2/9/03 THE POLLUTION FROM DIESEL ENGINES -THE PARTICULATE MATTER CURRENT EXPERIENCES AND FUTURE NEEDS. The exhaust emissions of vehicles greatly contribute to environmental pollution. Diesel engines are extremely fuelefficient. However, the exhaust compounds emitted by diesel engines are both a health hazard and a nuisance to the public. This paper gives an overview of the emission control of particulates from diesel exhaust compounds. The worldwide emission standards are summarized. Possible devices for reducing diesel pollutants are discussed. It is clear that after-treatment devices are necessary. Catalytic converters that collect particulates from diesel exhaust and promote the catalytic burn-off are examined. Finally, recent trends in diesel particulate emission control by novel catalysts are presented.Keywords: diesel particulates; soot; diesel exhaust after-treatment; catalysts. INTRODUÇÃODesde os tempos mais remotos, o homem vem se tornando cada vez mais consciente do perigo que representa uma atmosfera poluí-da, tanto aquela gerada de modo natural, por ocasião das erupções vulcânicas ou pelo efeito de pólen, como a provocada por ele mesmo, desde a invenção do fogo. Existem registros de que essa preocupação motivou várias disposições legislativas em alguns países, como a França, onde, em 1382, Carlos VI proibiu a emissão de gases féti-dos, ou a Inglaterra, onde existia, já no século XVII, uma disposição que proibia acender fogo durante as sessões do parlamento de Westminster 1,2 . A partir da explosão industrial e urbana do século XIX, a poluição atmosférica aumentou consideravelmente e de tal forma que as relações entre o homem e seu meio ambiente tornaram-se totalmente alteradas. A Revolução Industrial rompeu de vez com o equilíbrio que ainda era possível o homem manter com a natureza. Nas décadas de 60 e 70, o problema agravou-se muito, adquirindo proporções dramáticas, tanto pela sua intensificação como pela extensão geográfica, o que se constituiu, na época, em motivo de inquietação crescente nas zonas urbanas e industriais 1,3 . Atualmente, apesar de alguns autores considerarem que mesmo as investigações científicas altamente complexas ainda não são avançadas o suficiente para fornecerem conclusões irrefutáveis acerca de como controlar e retroceder a poluição ambiental, em especial, a poluição atmosférica 2-6 , pode-se verificar que muitas disposições adotadas em vários países estão sendo capazes de, ao menos, diminuir a taxa de aumento da concentração dos principais poluentes [6][7][8][9] . Londres e Califórnia são exemplos de localidades sob forte disposição legislativa, que mantém os níveis dos poluentes ambientais controlados 9 . Deve-se salientar que isso se tornou possível, principalmente, devido ao uso e contínuo desenvolvimento dos catalisadores de pós-combustão 9-15 . É patente, portanto, que a pesquisa científica tem contribuído de maneira inestimável para o estudo e a preservação do meio ambiente 16 . Entretanto, a tensão verificada na Conferência de Kioto ...
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