Eight "cerrado" (savanna) fragments in the State of São Paulo (Brazil) were surveyed from 2000 to 2002 to produce an inventory of Asteraceae species. This family is one of the most important in the herbaceous and shrubby components at cerrados. Each fragment was sampled on average once a year during the plants' peak flowering period, using a fixed number of randomly placed transects. We obtained 399 samples and recognized 89 morphospecies (of which 74 were identified to species). Forty percent of the species were encountered only once (unicates). Only ten percent of the species that occurred in more than a sample were recorded again in the same fragment or in the same year. Species richness was estimated from frequencies and abundances within transects, and then compared to the observed total richness in the area, which was most of the times higher than the estimates based on transects. Our species list was then compared to other 24 cerrado species lists in the literature. Although most of our commoner species were recorded in published lists, eight species were not found in any. We conclude that the studied cerrado fragments in São Paulo State are isolated and fragile areas composed of many rare and exclusive herbaceous and shrubby species. We suggest that the maintenance of current diversity of Asteraceae species depends on maintaining and preserving all cerrado fragments in the State. Asteraceae, "cerrado", savanna, biodiversity, São Paulo, Brazil. Key words: ResumoDe abril a maio de 2000 a 2002 oito localidades com remanescentes de cerrados sensu stricto no estado de São Paulo foram amostradas para o levantamento das espécies de asteráceas, uma das famílias mais representativas da flora herbáceo-arbustiva nestas formações. Foram feitas 23 amostragens e cada área de estudo foi amostrada em média uma vez por ano durante o pico de floração das plantas. Ao todo foram obtidas 399 amostras, nas quais foram reconhecidas 89 morfoespécies (74 foram identificadas como espécies conhecidas). Quarenta por cento das espécies foram registradas uma única vez (unicatas), indicando um grande número de espécies raras. Apenas 10% das espécies que ocorreram em mais de uma amostra foram obtidas de uma mesma área (sobreposição espacial) ou de um mesmo ano de estudo (sobreposição temporal). A riqueza de espécies em cada área foi estimada por meio de transeções e depois comparada à riqueza total observada em cada área de estudo, sendo esta na maioria das vezes mais alta que a estimada com base nas transeções. A lista de espécies obtida para os cerrados amostrados foi comparada a outras 24 listas publicadas para cerrados no Brasil. Embora a maioria das espécies mais comuns tenha coincidido, oito espécies (11% das espécies identificadas) não constam das listas publicadas. Concluímos que as áreas de cerrado sensu stricto estudadas no estado de São Paulo encontram-se isoladas, com uma grande parte da flora herbáceo-arbustiva composta por várias espécies raras e exclusivas. Diante deste quadro, sugerimos que a manutenção da b...
Two management classifications are the cornerstone of Amazonian conservation: protected areas and Indigenous territories. This chapter focuses on the historical processes, starting in the 1960s, that led to their creation, as well as the contemporary challenges they face and their importance for conservation.
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